<p>The Harlem YMCA is located at 180 West 135th Street between Lenox Avenue and Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. Built in 1931-32, the red-brown brick building with neo-Georgian details was designed by the Architectural Bureau of the National Council of the YMCA, with James C. Mackenzie Jr. as the architect in charge. and was designated a New York City Landmark in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Around 1900, a "colored" YMCA operated at 132 W. 53rd street, in the area then known as "San Juan Hill" (now Lincoln Square), which was then a mainly African American residential neighborhood. Between 1910 and 1930, Harlem developed from a mostly white neighborhood to become the center of New York&#39;s African American community.</p><br>
<h3>Original West 135th Street Branch (Jackie Robinson Youth Center)</h3><br>
<p>The West 135th Street Branch YMCA, at 181 West 135th Street, was built in 1919 at a cost of $375,000, with funding from Julius Rosenwald, president of Sears, Roebuck and Company. The West 135th Street Branch established itself as a major institution in the community and in the Harlem Renaissance, serving everyone from writers to Pullman porters and black youth seeking work in New York City. Before long the West 135th Street Branch was overcrowded, and more space was needed for counseling and program spaces. The West 135th Street YMCA was a temporary home for many visiting African American visitors and performers to New York who were denied lodging in New York&#39;s midtown hotels because of racial discrimination. These include renowned writers such as Richard Wright, Claude McKay, Ralph Ellison, Langston Hughes; artists Jacob Lawrence and Aaron Douglas; actors Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee, Cicely Tyson and Paul Robeson.</p><br>
<p>In 1933, the current Harlem YMCA was built at 180 West 135th Street, directly across from the 135th Street Branch. By 1938, the original building at 181 was remodeled as the Harlem annex and in 1996 it became the Harlem YMCA Jackie Robinson Youth Center.</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>The Harlem YMCA, intended primarily for the use of African-American men at a time when most YMCAs were for whites only, was one of the best equipped YMCAs in the United States. Its upper floors were designed for use as residences, whose occupants include a number of prominent personalities.</p><br>
<p>African-American author Maria Celeste lived in the building from 1941 through 1946, and many notable black Americans have stayed at the facility, including Malcolm X &ndash; then Malcolm Little &ndash; who chose to stay there because of its proximity to his favorite nightclubs. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its association with the African-American writer Claude McKay (1889-1948), a leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance who was resident here from 1941 until 1946.</p><br>
<p>The Bull Stone House is located in the Town of Hamptonburgh, New York. It is a ten-room stone house built in the 1720s by William Bull and Sarah Wells, pioneer settlers of Central Orange County, NY. It is one of the few homes in America still owned and occupied by the same family. The current resident is a ninth generation descendant of the couple.</p><br>
<p>Bull, a stonemason, met and married Wells in the Wawayanda Patent (much of the present day towns of Goshen, Hamptonburgh, Minisink, and Warwick) while they were both working for the patent proprietors.</p><br>
<p>Sarah Wells, an orphan, In 1715 Bull arrived in North America from Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, England and also came to work on the Wawayanda Patent, where they met. He was the hired mason for Daniel Crommelin, a French immigrant and New York City merchant.</p><br>
<p>Their marriage in 1718, was the first between European settlers in Goshen. Building the house was a joint effort between husband and wife. William bought 100 acres in 1718 adjacent to Christopher Dennes land. Denne was Sarah Wells master. Eventually, the widow Elizabeth Denne sold 100 acres to William and Sarah&#39;s first son, John, when he was just 8 years old. It is family lore that the widow was fulfilling a promise Denne made to Sarah to convince her to act as his land agent in the land claim. The Bull Stone House still stands today and is in the possession of the William Bull and Sarah Wells Stone House Association.</p><br>
<p>When construction began, Sarah carried some of the stones to the site and William cut and laid them, while they lived in a temporary log cabin. It took thirteen years to complete, surviving a 1727 earthquake in the process.</p><br>
<p>The house was reportedly used as a safe haven during the seven years of the French and Indian War though no known fighting or battle was waged on the property. Sarah and William raised 12 children to adulthood in the house. Each of the children married and had children of their own.</p><br>
<p>William built many stone houses around what is now known as Orange County. In the last year of William&#39;s life, 1756, he completed a stone house in New Windsor now called Knox Headquarters, which was the headquarters of several American generals during the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>Their descendants dispersed within the adjacent region, with the houses of Thomas (now a county museum) and William III also on the National Register. The family has lent its name to the hamlet of Bullville and Thomas Bull Memorial Park.</p><br>
<p>Sarah Wells survived William Bull, who died in 1755–56. She remarried Johannes Miller sometime between 1756 and 1769, but separated from him in 1770. She moved back to her Stone House, where she died at the age of 100 years and 15 days, leaving 335 direct descendants. The county government has renamed Orange County Route 8, near the house, to Sarah Wells Trail, in her honor. The local Girl Scouts council was named for her as well.</p><br>
<p>Both Sarah and William are buried on the property next to Hamptonburgh Cemetery on Sarah Wells Trail.</p><br>
<p>The house and surrounding property have remained in the Bull family&#39;s ownership. In 1920 the family incorporated as an association of descendants. Today a ninth-generation descendant lives at the house as the resident family caretaker. Tours are available for the general public for a small fee. The house has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1974.</p><br>
<p>The 120 acre William Bull and Sarah Wells homestead boasts another historical structure of significance, a New World Dutch barn.</p><br>
<p>Florence Mills House is a house at 220 West 135th Street in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. The house was originally believed to be the residence of Florence Mills, a leading African-American actress and entertainer during the 1920s. She lived at this address, or a similar address a few blocks away, during her most productive years from 1910 to 1927. The 220 West 135th Street building that existed in 1927 no longer stands and has been replaced. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The designation was withdrawn in January 2009. The actual address of her home was 220 West 133rd Street; the mistake was perpetuated because a photo of the house was mislabelled as being on West 135th Street in a New York Evening Journal article at the time of her death. The 220 West 133rd Street building has also been demolished and replaced. The mistake in landmarking the West 135th Street address is acknowledged implicitly by the National Park Service, in stating that "For a number of years, this four-story row house was thought to be Mills home for most of her tragically short life."</p><br>
<p>The Will Marion Cook House is a historic townhouse at 221 West 138th Street, in the part of Harlem known as Strivers&#39; Row in Manhattan, New York City. It was the home of Will Marion Cook , a leading African-American musician and composer of the period, from 1918 until his death in 1944. Cook was a major influence on later musicians including Sidney Bechet, Duke Ellington, and Josephine Baker. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Will Marion Cook House is located on the north side of West 138th Street, between 7th and 8th Avenues. This area, known as Strivers Row, was home to a number of well-known people during the height of Harlems cultural successes of the early 20th century. It is an end unit of a row of sixteen three-story Renaissance Revival brick rowhouses, built by developer David H. King in 1891. The ground floor is two bays wide, with the main entrance in the left bay, set in a rounded-arch opening. The second floor features a single three-part window, with narrow sidelights flanking a larger central sash, separated by Ionic columns; a half-round terra cotta panel above the center window gives the grouping the feel of a Palladian window. The third floor has a central sash window, separated from side narrow windows by brickwork. First and third-floor window bays, while all feature splayed lintels of terra cotta.</p><br>
<p>This house is where Will Marion Cook lived from 1918 to 1944. Called the "master of all masters of our people" by Duke Ellington, he was a leading black composer and musician, trained classically in the violin by Antonin Dvorak and others. Denied work in racist classical music circles, he made his influence felt as a composer and arranger in the theater, employing African-American musical styles and themes in his work. He was an early innovator in the use of musical improvisation, helping give rise to jazz and the Big Band Era. Cook was a mentor and influence on Eubie Blake and Duke Ellington, and helped further the career of his wife, soprano Abbie Mitchell.</p><br>
<p>555 Edgecombe Avenue is an apartment building at the southwest corner of Edgecombe Avenue and 160th Street in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, United States. Built between 1914 and 1916, it was originally known as the Roger Morris Apartments after the retired British Army officer who built the nearby Morris–Jumel Mansion, and was designed by Schwartz & Gross, who specialized in apartment buildings. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark under the name Paul Robeson Residence in 1976, and it became a New York City designated landmark in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The building has an exterior of brick and terracotta. It has twelve floors, plus a basement and a cellar that are visible on Edgecombe Avenue. The double-height main entrance in the cellar, on Edgecombe Avenue, is set in an arched opening with ironwork at its peak. When 555 Edgecombe Avenue opened, there were 105 apartments with a combined 479 rooms. Over the years, the building has been rearranged, with 127 or 128 apartments.</p><br>
<p>Albert J. Schwarzler bought the site on the western side of Edgecombe Avenue, between 159th and 160th Street, in 1908. The structure, which opened in January 1916, occupies the northern half of Schwarzlers site. Initially, the building catered to mostly white tenants, who all moved out between 1938 and 1940 as more black residents moved into the neighborhood. Numerous African American figures moved into the building, including actor/singer Paul Robeson and musician Count Basie, for whom part of the adjoining section of Edgecombe Avenue is named. After Schwarzler died in 1941, the building was sold in 1943, then again to Daddy Grace in 1947. The building was sold twice more in 1960, after Graces death, and was owned by Matthew Golson and his family from 1960 until 2022.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>555 Edgecombe Avenue is at the southwest corner of Edgecombe Avenue and 160th Street in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The trapezoidal land lot covers 13,926 ft2, with a frontage of 102.58 ft and a depth of 150.42 ft. The building is near the top of Coogan&#39;s Bluff, a cliff on the western bank of the Harlem River, and faces the Morris–Jumel Mansion to the north and Highbridge Park to the east.</p><br>
<p>Although the building is five blocks north of the Sugar Hill Historic District, the building is commonly referred to as being in Sugar Hill because of its high concentration of black residents. The intersection of Edgecombe Avenue and 160th Street is co-named "Paul Robeson Boulevard" and "Count Basie Place", after two notable residents. The street is co-named after Basie, while the avenue is co-named after Robeson. The building itself was frequently nicknamed "The Triple Nickel" because of its street address.</p><br>
<p>The site is part of the former estate of British Army officer Roger Morris, who acquired land in Upper Manhattan in 1765 and built the Morris–Jumel Mansion at the top of Coogan&#39;s Bluff. The Morris family lived in the mansion until 1775, and the estate was occupied by the Continental Army, then by British and Hessian officers, during the American Revolutionary War. After the British evacuation of New York in 1783, the estate passed through multiple owners; the Jumel family bought the estate in 1810 and lived there for several decades. The Jumel estate had been split up by the end of the 19th century,</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by Schwartz & Gross. It consists of twelve stories that are fully above ground, as well as a basement and cellar, which are one and two stories below the first floor, respectively. Due to the slope of the site, the basement and cellar are above ground level on Edgecombe Avenue. As such, the building&#39;s Edgecombe Avenue facade measures 14 stories high. The National Park Service (NPS) describes the building as thirteen stories high, plus the penthouse; an NPS report counts the basement as floor 1.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The facade is divided vertically into seven bays on its eastern elevation, facing Edgecombe Avenue, and thirteen bays on its northern elevation, facing 160th Street. The basement and cellar are clad with granite. The first through twelfth stories are clad with beige brick; the window sills, lintels, and band courses are made of terracotta. There are tripartite windows and double-hung windows on both elevations; the tripartite windows consist of a large central panel flanked by two narrower ones. The southern and western elevations are made of pale yellow brick with plain rectangular window openings. There is also a light court on the southern elevation.</p><br>
<p>Both the basement and cellar are visible on Edgecombe Avenue, but only the basement is visible on 160th Street, and the basement windows at the western end of the 160th Street elevation are almost entirely below ground.</p><br>
<p>Above the basement, a belt course runs horizontally across the facade. There is also a balcony with a balustrade at the first story. Some of the bricks on the first-story facade are laid in a rusticated pattern, and there are raised brick surrounds around each window. There is another belt course above the first story, with geometric brackets, roundels, and terracotta bands. Within each bay, there are spandrel panels above each window on the second to tenth stories, as well as terracotta rosettes at the top corners. There are wrought-iron balustrades in front of each window on the second story. On Edgecombe Avenue, the fifth and tenth stories have rounded balconies, while the eighth and eleventh stories have rectangular balconies; all of these balconies are made of terracotta and have iron railings. Similar balconies exist at these levels on 160th Street, except on the fifth story. At the tenth story, the bays are separated by raised brick bands, and there are terracotta foliate panels and a belt course above that story. The eleventh and twelfth stories have light and dark brick laid in a diaperwork pattern. There was formerly a cornice above the twelfth floor, which was supported by brackets. Some of the brackets on the Edgecombe Avenue elevation contain a cross motif, inset within a circle.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>When 555 Edgecombe Avenue was completed, the main entrance was through the large arch on Edgecombe Avenue, which led to a lobby with two elevators and a stair to the upper floors. The lobby is decorated with plaster and marble, as well as relief panels with classical motifs. The decorations include motifs from Greek mythology, such as dancing goats and cherubs playing flutes. There is also a stained-glass skylight in the lobby&#39;s ceiling, designed in the Art Deco style, though it was covered up during the 1960s due to fears of nuclear bombings during the Cold War.</p><br>
<p>Initially, there were 105 apartments with a combined 479 rooms, including bathrooms. Each floor typically contained eight apartments. Servants lived in a group of 21 apartments on the top floor. These apartments have been rearranged over the years. For example, in the 1930s, a set of five-room apartments were divided up, while 19 servants&#39; apartments were combined into five penthouse units., 555 Edgecombe Avenue had 127</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Schwarzler operation</h3><br>
<p>In May 1908, contractor Albert J. Schwarzler bought ten land lots on the western side of Edgecombe Avenue from 159th to 160th Street, in exchange for two houses in the Bronx. Schwarzler hired the firm of Schwartz & Gross in 1910 to design a six-story apartment building on the southern half of the site, at 545 Edgecombe Avenue. Following the completion of 545 Edgecombe Avenue, he again hired the partners to design an apartment building immediately to the north. In May 1914, the firm filed plans for a 12-story apartment building at 555 Edgecombe Avenue, The New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) refused to grant a construction permit for two weeks because of a dispute over the buildings height. While the DOB had determined that the structure was 156 ft tall with 15 stories, Schwartz & Gross cited the building as 133 ft tall and that the basement was above ground because of the sites steep slope.</p><br>
<p>The structure—known as the Roger Morris Apartments, after the British Army soldier who once lived on the estate—was occupied by 1915. New York state census records from that year show that all residents were white; most residents were American-born, though there were also foreign-born residents from multiple European countries and Canada. The dispute was resolved when the New York Supreme Court ruled that infants should be allowed to use the main entrance on Edgecombe Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Schwarzler took out a five-year, $450,000 first mortgage on the property from Quinlan & Leland in 1925 and took a second mortgage of $150,000 from the Bank of Manhattan Trust Company in 1931. Schwarzler defaulted on his first mortgage in August 1933, and the Union Square Savings Bank took over rent collection at the building. Schwarzler retained his ownership of the building and, in 1939, let many of the existing tenants&#39; leases lapse. Telephone directories have entries for 83 families in 1938, of which only 17 remained in 1939 and none in 1940. By then, the surrounding area was becoming predominantly black, and 67 tenants, all of whom were likely black, were added to the telephone directories between 1939 and 1940. Schwarzler died in 1941.</p><br>
<h3>Later ownership</h3><br>
<p>In the mid-20th century, 555 Edgecombe Avenue and the nearby 409 Edgecombe Avenue was characterized as one of Sugar Hill&#39;s "class houses", occupied by well-off residents. The Schwarzler estate sold 545 and 555 Edgecombe Avenue to a client of the brokers Darling & McDonald in 1943. The two structures had a combined value of $690,000, and number 555 had 128 apartments, with annual income of $100,000 from rent. Following the sale, 32 residents organized a rent strike, claiming that landlord Louis Demburg had interrupted their doorman service, heat, and hot water. In particular, residents claimed that resident manager Cecil Carter had reduced service and dismissed several staff members (including a doorman and elevator operators), even though the building charged some of the highest rents in the neighborhood. The owners eventually fired Carter and rehired the original manager, who restored the services that had been cut. Residents protested again in early 1947 when Demburg threatened to fire the manager; by then, the building was deteriorating, and residents alleged that Demburg refused to make the necessary repairs.</p><br>
<p>Roger Morris Inc. and the Louden Realty Corporation sold the building in August 1947 to the 555 Edgecombe Avenue Corporation, which took over a $414,000 mortgage on the property. At the time, the building was valued at $680,000. Daddy Grace, founder of the United House of Prayer For All People, was reported as having purchased both 545 and 555 Edgecombe Avenue. After workers went on strike in 1949, the striking staff claimed that Grace had his followers run the building&#39;s elevators. Grace still owned the building when he died in January 1960, and Alexander Gross of Eldorado Estates Ltd. announced in March 1960 that he had bought both 545 and 555 Edgecombe Avenue. He could not take ownership immediately because a federal court had to approve the sale. Gross finally took over the buildings at the beginning of May 1960, Gross took over an $183,000 loan on 555 Edgecombe Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Gross resold 545 and 555 Edgecombe Avenue in December 1960 to Matthew Golson, who paid cash and took over mortgage loans that had been placed on both buildings. A group of Graces followers filed a lawsuit in 1961, stating that Graces properties, including 545 and 555 Edgecombe Avenue and the El Dorado, should not have been sold. In 1976, the building was declared a National Historic Landmark under the name Paul Robeson Residence. The building still had some notable tenants such as musician and bandleader Andy Kirk. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) proposed designating 555 Edgecombe Avenue as a city landmark in 1991, One resident began presenting regular jazz concerts in her apartment in the 1990s, which became popular among local musicians.</p><br>
<p>The corner of 160th Street and Edgecombe Avenue, outside the building, was co-named for jazz musician Count Basie and actor/singer Paul Robeson in October 2009 following advocacy from the Harlem Historical Society and the Morris–Jumel Mansion&#39;s director. Matthew Golson attempted to sell the building for $65 million in 2017. A short documentary about 409 and 555 Edgecombe Avenue, In the Face of What We Remember, was released in 2018. After Golson died, the Harkham family bought the building in April 2022 for $26.7 million, just over two-fifths of the original asking price. The new owners planned to renovate the building.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>According to the LPC, 555 Edgecombe Avenue "never had as illustrious a tenant roster" as 409 Edgecombe Avenue did, and many occupants were middle-class African Americans who were not well known. Nonetheless, the building has had several notable African American residents, leading the New York Daily News to say in 2009 that the "Triple Nickel drew more African-American celebrities than any building ever could today".</p><br>
<p>Jazz figures, such as saxophonist Coleman Hawkins, singer-songwriter Timmie Rogers, Andy Kirk,</p><br>
<p>The Stover-Myers Mill is a watermill located on the Tohickon Creek in Bedminster Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The mill was built around 1800 and operated continuously until 1955. The mill was built by Jacob Stover and it used a millstone to grind flour and feed for livestock using power from a waterwheel. The mill was also equipped with an up-and-down saw and it operated as a lumber mill. Later, the mill was renovated by Christian Myers in 1885. With the advent of steam power, the mill was eventually augmented with a steam engine. Milling of flour ceased in 1920, primarily due to competition from Mid-Western states, and the mill closed in 1955. The property was purchased by Bucks County in 1967 and the mill currently resides in a 26 acre park that is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Stover Mill is a historic, American grist mill that is located in Erwinna, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built with Pennsylvania fieldstone by Henry Stover in 1832, this historic structure is a -story, mill building with the first two floors made from native stone and the upper stories made with brick. This mill is unusual in that it takes its power directly from the Delaware River.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Currently, the mill operates as an art gallery.</p><br>
<p>The New York Amsterdam News Building is a historic rowhouse at 2293 Seventh Avenue in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It is historically significant as the publishing home of the New York Amsterdam News between 1916 and 1938. During this period, the newspaper became one of the nation&#39;s most influential publications covering African-American issues. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976. The Amsterdam News now publishes out of a building at 2340 Frederick Douglass Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The New York Amsterdam News was founded in 1909 by James H. Anderson at his home on West 165 Street. That year marked a shift in the African-American community away from the accommodationist policies of Booker T. Washington, and toward the a more activist attitude, exemplified in part by the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The News grew rapidly, and in 1916 moved into this building. Initially founded to serve the local Harlem community, it greatly expanded its reach, speaking out on national issues, and eventually reaching a nationwide audience. Because of this growth, it again outgrew these quarters, and moved to its present facilities in 1938.</p><br>
<p>The New York Amsterdam News Building is one of a series of four rowhouses located on the east side of Seventh Avenue (Adam Clayton Powell Boulevard), roughly midway between West 134th and West 135th Streets. It is four stories in height, built out of brownstone with Greek Revival styling, with a projecting cast iron cornice supported by modillions. The lower two levels house commercial spaces, with a staircase on the right side leading to the main building entrance. Windows and doors are set in openings framed by projecting bracketed surrounds with pilasters on the sides.</p><br>
<p>Union Village or "Bank Village" is a village and historic district located in North Smithfield and Woonsocket, Rhode Island on Rhode Island Route 146A. Union Village developed because it was at the cross roads of old Great Road   and Pound Hill Road .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Union Village was originally named Bank Village, and was the site of the first bank in northern Rhode Island, in 1805. The area was part of the original Edward Inman-John Mowry purchase from the Native Americans in 1666. Richard Arnold Jr. settled in the Union Village area in the late 17th century and the area was predominantly a farming community. In the 1800s the Bank in the village was called the Union Bank and the village received its name from the bank. The house containing the bank vault is still intact (2007). The Village was also home to the Bushee Academy, a prominent school in the nineteenth century. Union Village served as a way stop for travelers on the way to Boston, Worcester and Connecticut, and it was a commercial center through the 1820s. The Marquis de Lafayette allegedly dined at Seth Allen Tavern in Union Village when visiting the United States in 1824-25.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>There are numerous Federal-style houses, the "Smithfield Friends Meeting House, Parsonage & Cemetery" (Quaker) and a large historic cemetery in the area. Wright&#39;s Farm on Woonsocket Hill Road has a popular dairy and pastry shop.</p><br>
<p>A 16 acre area of the village in North Smithfield, between Westwood Road and Woonsocket Hill Road, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Emeline S. Burlingame, suffragist</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Downtown is the central economic, political, and cultural district of the city of Providence, Rhode Island, United States. It is bounded on the east by Canal Street and the Providence River, to the north by Smith Street, to the west by Interstate 95, and to the south by Henderson Street. The highway serves as a physical barrier between the city&#39;s commercial core and neighborhoods of Federal Hill, West End, and Upper South Providence. Most of the downtown is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Downtown Providence Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally known as "Weybossett Neck" or "Weybossett Side", Downtown was first settled by religious dissidents from the First Congregational Society in 1746. Their settlement was located near present-day Westminster Street.</p><br>
<p>Downtown did not witness substantial development until the early 19th century, when Providence began to compete with Newport, Rhode Island. British forces had destroyed much of Newport during the American War for Independence, making that city&#39;s merchants vulnerable to competition from Providence. This prevented the development of a commercial district along the western bank of the Providence River.</p><br>
<h3>Interstate highways</h3><br>
<p>Starting in 1956, construction began on both Interstate 195 and Interstate 95.</p><br>
<h3>Decline: 1960s and 1970s</h3><br>
<p>Providence&#39;s population declined from a peak of 253,504 in 1940 to only 179,213 in 1970. The white middle class moved away from the city center, and businesses followed. A downtown address no longer conveyed prestige. By 1970, downtown was widely seen as a dangerous place to be after dark, lacked sufficient parking, and most shopping and movie-going moved to the suburbs. A 1961 master plan called Downtown 1970 recommended massive bulldozing of properties. As hotels and stores were abandoned, Johnson and Wales University purchased many of the vacant properties.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, Westminster Street was converted to the pedestrianized "Westminster Mall", in an attempt to create a pleasant shopping environment downtown. However, this project was unable to attract shoppers away from the new suburban Midland Mall (1968) and Warwick Mall (1972). Within a decade, all the streets major department stores had closed except Woolworths, and in 1989 the pedestrian mall was torn up, and the street was returned to vehicular traffic.</p><br>
<h3>Remaking downtown</h3><br>
<p>During the industrialization of the late 19th century, an ever-expanding railroad industry emanated from Union Station, eventually resulting in the complete paving over of the Great Salt Cove and the two branches of the Providence River. The result of decades of expansion was the isolation of the state Capitol from the rest of downtown by an imposing mass of railroad tracks, often locally referred to as the "Chinese Wall". As rail traffic dropped off 75 percent by 1980, city planners saw an opportunity to open up central land for development and re-unify downtown with the Capitol. A new, smaller train station was built in 1986, located 0.5 mi north of its predecessor, and tracks were removed or routed underground.</p><br>
<p>The new land precipitated a massive remaking of the character of the citys downtown. From 1975 until 1982, under Mayor Vincent Cianci, Jr, $606 million of local and national Community Development funds were invested. Roads were removed and the citys natural rivers were opened up and lined with a cobblestone-paved park called Waterplace Park in 1994, which became host to popular WaterFire festivals. Private and public developments followed, and the new area adjacent to the Capitol became known as "Capitol Center".</p><br>
<p>Ushered in by the construction of the new train station (1986), development brought new buildings: The Gateway Building (1990), One Citizens Plaza (1991), Center Place (1992), a Westin hotel and Providence Convention Center (1993), Providence Place Mall (1999), Courtyard Marriott (2000), GTECH headquarters (2006), The Residences at the Westin (2007), Waterplace Towers condominiums (2007), and Capitol Cove still under construction.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the Renaissance Providence Hotel opened in the Masonic Temple building, which had been abandoned amidst the Great Depression a half century prior.</p><br>
<p>The relocation of Interstate 195 (the "Iway" project) in the early 2000s sparked another boom of construction in the 2010s, including the Michael S. Van Leesten Memorial Bridge, which spans the Providence River, and the Point 225 building in 2019 (aka "Wexford Innovation Center"), designed by Ayers Saint Gross, and a riverfront park., several other buildings in the area are under construction or proposed.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>According to the Providence Plan, a local nonprofit aimed at improving city life, 64% of residents are white and 8.6% are Asian (both above the citywide averages of 54.4% and 6.2% respectively), 12% of the population is African-American, 11% is Hispanic, and 1% is Native American; 43% of public school children speak a language other than English as their primary language.</p><br>
<p>The median family income is $42,558, over $10,000 above the citywide average, but 14% of families live below the poverty line while nearly 3.7% receive some form of public assistance. A further problem is that 15% of children under the age of six have been exposed to high quantities of lead.</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>From north to south, Downtown includes portions of Wards 12, 13, 11, which are represented in the Providence City Council by Kat Kerwin, John J. Lombardi, and Balbina A. Young. All three councilors are Democrats.</p><br>
<p>Providence City Hall is located at 25 Dorrance Street, at the corner of Dorrance and Washington Street. It is immediately next to Kennedy Plaza and the Biltmore Hotel. It houses the City Council, the Mayor&#39;s Office, and the offices of some municipal agencies.</p><br>
<p>The Rhode Island State House is located on Smith Street at the northern edge of Downtown. It includes the chambers of the Rhode Island General Assembly and the Governor&#39;s Office.</p><br>
<p>The Rhode Island Department of Education is headquartered in the Shepard Company Building at 255 Westminster Street.</p><br>
<h2>Universities</h2><br>
<p>Various universities have facilities in Downtown Providence. These include:</p><br>
<p>Brown University has recently bought several properties in the Jewelry District.</p><br>
<p>Johnson & Wales University has its central and largest campus in Downtown. This campus includes the Johnson & Wales School of Business, School of Technology, College of Arts and Science, and School of Hospitality.</p><br>
<p>The Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), historically based along the western slope of College Hill, now has extensive facilities in Downtown. These include the RISD Library, founded in 1878, and now relocated at 15 Westminster Street. Dormitories for undergraduates and studios for graduate students are also located in Downtown.</p><br>
<p>Roger Williams University includes a small campus in Downtown.</p><br>
<p>The University of Rhode Island&#39;s Feinstein Providence campus is centered at 80 Washington Street, with other facilities in the Shepard Building. The program is named for Rhode Island philanthropist Alan Shawn Feinstein.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>The Providence Bruins of the American Hockey League, and the Providence College Friars mens basketball team play out of the Amica Mutual Pavilion (formerly the Dunkin Donuts Center and Providence Civic Center) at 1 LaSalle Square.</p><br>
<h2>Arts</h2><br>
<p>As part of the revitalization of Providence, the administrations of Mayors Vincent Cianci and David Cicilline have promoted the city, especially its "Downcity Arts District", as an artistic center. WaterFire, perhaps the most visible symbol of Providence&#39;s development, is an environmental art event created by Barnaby Evans which includes bonfires, gondolas, and music. This event has become a major attraction for both Rhode Islanders and tourists from farther away.</p><br>
<p>The Downcity Arts District includes two centers for the performing arts: the Providence Performing Arts Center and Trinity Repertory Company.</p><br>
<p>The Downcity Arts District is also home to AS220, a non-profit community arts center that includes 53 artist live/work studios, four galleries, a performance space, a black box theatre, a dance studio, a bar, and restaurant. There is also a makerspace consisting of a print shop, fab lab, media arts lab, and darkroom, with a free after-school arts education program for youth.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Downtown Providence has numerous 19th-century mercantile buildings in the Federal and Victorian architectural styles, as well as several post-modern and modernist buildings that are located throughout this area. In particular, a fairly clear spatial separation appears between the areas of pre-1980s and post-1980s development; Fountain Street and Exchange Terrace serve as rough boundaries between the two.</p><br>
<h2>Parks</h2><br>
<p>Downtown Providence contains several parks:</p><br>
<p>Burnside Park is located adjacent to Kennedy Plaza. At its center is an equestrian statue of American Civil War general, Rhode Island governor, and United States Senator Ambrose Burnside. Adjacent to the park is an outdoor ice skating rink, the Alex and Ani City Center.</p><br>
<p>Waterplace Park extends from the Great Salt Cove to the Riverwalk along the Providence River. The park hosts WaterFire festivals.</p><br>
<p>Station Park, a green space adjacent to the Providence Amtrak Station.</p><br>
<p>In addition, Veterans Memorial Park and Market Square, along the border between Downtown and College Hill, are sometimes counted as Downtown parks.</p><br>
<h2>Central Downtown</h2><br>
<p>The historic part of downtown has many streetscapes that still look as they did 80 years ago. Most of the state&#39;s tallest buildings are found in this area. The largest structure, to date, is the art-deco-styled Industrial National Bank Building (commonly called the "Superman Building"), at 426 ft. A nearby contrast is the second-tallest One Financial Center (Sovereign Bank Tower), designed in modern taut-skin cladding, constructed a half-century later. In between the two is 50 Kennedy Plaza. The Textron Tower is another core building in the Providence skyline.</p><br>
<p>Downtown is also the home of the Providence Biltmore hotel and the Westminster Arcade, the oldest enclosed shopping mall in the country, built in 1828.</p><br>
<p>Kennedy Plaza is a major business and transportation hub. Surrounding the plaza are Providence City Hall, Burnside Park, the Bank of America Building, One Financial Center, 50 Kennedy Plaza, Bank of America Ice Skating Rink, and the US District Court building. The plaza itself includes the central transfer hub for the Rhode Island Public Transit Authority (RIPTA) and a police substation.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas McDowell House is located on Lake Road in the Little Britain section of the Town of New Windsor in Orange County, New York, United States. It was built c. 1770 by McDowell, an early settler of the area, and was later rented out by his descendants to prominent local weaver James Alexander. In 2004 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the last surviving homes built by the original Little Britain settlers, a mostly Irish group that had survived a difficult sea voyage to the New World, and the only one that remains mostly in its original form. Some later residents left behind reminders of the tastes of later eras.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The main house is a -story three-bay main block with a one-story, three-bay kitchen wing on the west and a smaller, newer bedroom wing to the north. Both are built of heavy-hewn post and beam framing and sided in clapboard with a fieldstone foundation. Both the main block and the kitchen wing have medium-pitched gabled roofs, with the latter&#39;s flaring out to the rear, producing a saltbox effect. Cedar shakes cover both roofs.</p><br>
<p>The south-facing front facades of both blocks feature windows and an entrance in the westernmost bay. The main block&#39;s door is a board-and-batten piece that retains its original ironwork. There is a single window on the west elevation; on the east is a three-sided projecting bay window added later on. A brick chimney comes up from the roof at the west.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the original side-hall floor plan is intact. Besides the board-and-batten doors, however, many of the finishings and decoration are of later vintage, possibly the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Three other contributing resource are located on the property. Two are buildings, an 1870 carriage barn and a smaller shed known as the "garden studio". Both are wood. The last is a structure, the section of the original stone wall around the south and west sides of the property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is believed that McDowell built the house around 1770; although no records exist to show this, deeds do show that it was that year he acquired 34 acre from James Humphrey. McDowell was the son of James McDowell, a native of County Longford in Ireland who was one of the few survivors of a malnutrition-plagued Atlantic crossing in 1729 funded by Charles Clinton, grandfather of future New York State governor DeWitt. Bound for Pennsylvania, the survivors landed instead in Cape Cod. Two years later, in 1731, they made their way to the Hudson Valley where they were the first settlers in the area they called Little Britain.</p><br>
<p>Thomas B. McDowell was 44 when he became the first owner of record in 1803. He may have added some of the interior decoration, such as a wooden mantelpiece typical of that era&#39;s Federal style homes. Sometime in the 1810s, he rented the house out to James Alexander, another Irish immigrant who was noted in histories of the period for his skill as a weaver. His son Joseph described the parcel as being about 60 acre at that time.</p><br>
<p>In 1845 Thomas B. McDowell left the house to his son Alexander, who mortgaged it heavily to pay his debts. By this means it eventually became the property of Alfred Denniston, who probably added the east side&#39;s bay window. He sold it to Agnes Corwin in 1871. It remained in her family until the late 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>The McDowell house is a -story "half-house", with minimal fenestration so as to better retain heat in the winter, very typical of English vernacular architecture in the rural Hudson Valley during the colonial period. The minimal detail from the original house shows the influence of the waning Georgian style. The house may also have been influenced by Thomas McDowell&#39;s brief sojourn in New England after his arrival in America.</p><br>
<p>Later styles are evident in some of the alterations. The wooden mantelpiece is a Federal hallmark, probably added during that style&#39;s rise in the early 19th century. The projecting bay window on the east is a common Picturesque feature, seen on many Hudson Valley homes built or modified around the middle of that century due to the influence of Newburgh resident Andrew Jackson Downing.</p><br>
<p>The General Winfield Scott House is a historic rowhouse at 24 West 12th Street in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Built in 1851–52, the house was home to General and unsuccessful Whig presidential candidate Winfield Scott  from 1853 to 1855.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The General Winfield Scott House is located in Greenwich Village, on the south side of West 12th Street, roughly midway between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It is one of a pair of virtually identical brownstones, four stories in height. The ground floor functions visually as a basement level, with a rusticated ashlar exterior topped by a projecting cornice and metal balustrade. The entrances and window bays on this level have keystoned rounded arches, with the entrances further articulated by paneled pilasters and scrolled brackets. Upper-level windows are set in segmental-arch openings, with eyebrow cornices.</p><br>
<p>The pair of houses was built in 1851–52 by Charles Partridge, a local businessman who lived next door. Number 24 was sold to Winfield Scott in 1853 and served as his home until 1855. Although Scott is best known as an unsuccessful presidential candidate in the 1852 election, and as a successful military leader in the 1846–48 Mexican–American War, he had a long and influential military career before these events. He was a successful drillmaster and leader in the War of 1812 and published a handbook on infantry tactics that was the first of its kind for the United States Army. He was also a successful negotiator, helping to defuse several crises in which military action was threatened, including the Nullification Crisis of 1832–33, and the Aroostook War of 1838–39.</p><br>
<p>The Neutral Buoyancy Simulator was a neutral buoyancy pool located at NASA&#39;s George C. Marshall Space Flight Center . Engineers and astronauts developed hardware and practiced procedures in this tank from its completion in 1968 through its decommissioning in 1997. Marshall recognized the need for underwater simulations of extra-vehicular activities  and developed three successively larger tanks for the purpose. The Neutral Buoyancy Simulator contributed significantly to the American crewed space program. Skylab, the Space Shuttle, Hubble Space Telescope, and the International Space Station have all benefited from the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator. Until Johnson Space Center constructed the Weightless Environment Test Facility in the mid-1970s, MSFC had the only NASA-owned test facility that allowed engineers and astronauts to become familiar with the dynamics of body motion under weightless conditions.</p><br>
<p>The water within the simulator was temperature controlled, continuously recirculated and filtered. Special systems were integrated into the tank for underwater audio and video, pressure-suit environmental control and emergency rescue and treatment. Life support was simultaneously provided by these systems for up to four pressure-suited subjects. Additional systems included data acquisition and recording, underwater lighting, special underwater pneumatic and electrical power operations of motor, valves, controls, and indicators that required for high fidelity and functional engineering mockups and trainers.</p><br>
<h2>Principles of operation</h2><br>
<p>Neutral buoyancy simulates the weightless environment of space.</p><br>
<p>One downside of using neutral buoyancy to simulate microgravity is the significant amount of drag presented by water. Generally, drag effects are minimized by doing tasks slowly in the water. Another downside of neutral buoyancy simulation is that astronauts are not weightless within their suits, thus, precise suit sizing is critical.</p><br>
<h2>Origins and first tank</h2><br>
<p>NASA has flown zero-g flights on various aircraft for many years. In 1959, Project Mercury astronauts trained in a C-131 Samaritan aircraft, which was dubbed the "Vomit Comet". Airplane weightlessness is limited to 25 seconds at a time, which hampers efforts to practice EVAs which might last hours.</p><br>
<p>Prior to May 1960, NASA recognized the possibility of underwater neutral buoyancy simulations and began testing its efficacy. NASA engaged Environmental Research Associates of Baltimore to try neutral buoyancy simulations first in a pool near Langley Research Center. Visitors and other issues disturbed those efforts, and they moved the operation to McDonogh School where Scott Carpenter was the first astronaut to participate suited. Then, after difficult EVAs through Gemini 11 in mid-September 1966, the Manned Spacecraft Center fully understood the importance of testing procedures underwater and sent the Gemini 12 crew to train at McDonogh.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, MSFC was looking ahead to the Apollo Applications Program which would involve EVAs to convert a mostly-empty S-IVB rocket stage into a space station, and the people designing the hardware needed a thorough understanding of the challenges of weightlessness. Charlie Cooper at MSFC theorized that neutral buoyancy exercises could help with EVA planning while he was reviewing film of the Gemini 4 EVA. He and Charles D. Stocks pursued the idea with a couple of NASA scuba suits and an 8 ft diameter, 8 ft deep pool which had been previously used for forming metal parts explosively. November 1965 tests included removal of the ST-124 and a J-2 engine propellant utilization valve - early steps in a nascent Skylab mission, then called S-IVB orbital workshop.</p><br>
<h2>Second tank</h2><br>
<p>After the utility of the technique had been demonstrated, in January 1966, workers repurposed a larger explosive forming tank for neutral buoyancy testing. The larger pool was 25 ft diameter, 15 ft deep. A 10 ft tall 35 ft diameter damaged Saturn V corrugated section with a conical roof atop enclosed the now-heated facility with adequate lighting and more room for larger hardware than the initial tank.</p><br>
<p>The budget for the second tank was especially tight. It included a swimming pool filter from Sears and a tap into an adjacent steam line for water heat. Algae engaged chemists for nearly a year to find an appropriate balance of chemicals for the unique arrangement.</p><br>
<p>Initial tests again focused on S-IVB workshop: airlock ingress and egress, and S-IVB hatch cover removal.</p><br>
<p>The second tank saw astronaut training in pressure suits beginning with the Navy Mark IV. The MSFC Manufacturing Engineering (ME) lab developed a constant pressure valve which "made it possible to maintain neutral buoyancy at any depth." Divers first tried the Mark IV in the tank in July 1966, and Alan Bean spent two hours "executing typical astronaut activities" in the tank on September 6, 1966. Bean was "quite enthusiastic and outspoken about neutral buoyancy as one of the mandatory methods of simulation for all the S-IVB Workshop experiments," according to Manufacturing Engineering director W. R. Kuers. Stocks, the controller for that exercise, reported Bean&#39;s dive began with a leaky glove followed by his Mark IV suit tearing under the arm and requiring diver-assisted evacuation. Bean proceeded with exercises in regular scuba gear.</p><br>
<p>By early 1967, the schedule for the simulator was full. Though Alan Bean had visited and consulted on the project, the intent of the simulator was not astronaut training but to verify that "the MSFC developed hardware is safe, simple to handle, accessible, and trouble-free," wrote F. Belew in his March 13 report to von Braun. Focus at this time was largely on early development of procedures for the Apollo Applications Program. Due in large part to Bean&#39;s enthusiasm for the project, the Manned Spacecraft Center coordinated with MSFC to provide two astronauts on an as-needed basis, medical support, crew quarters, and safety consultations for simulations.</p><br>
<p>In the same report, Belew said that people found it necessary to use both hands for most tasks – one to do the work and the other to provide leverage for the work. He also outlined plans for a third tank to be installed in building 4706.</p><br>
<h2>Foundations for a third tank</h2><br>
<p>It was clear early on that a larger simulator was necessary for testing procedures with Skylab (21.67 ft diameter by 24.3 ft high) and other hardware in the pipeline. It was also clear that its construction would require some creative financing and political maneuvering. In his September 12, 1966 memo to Wernher von Braun, Kuers disclosed, " had apparently been told of our plans regarding the new large neutral buoyancy type simulator, and in response to his point blank questions regarding this, he was candidly shown the design blueprints by responsible ME personnel. Consequently, Houston is now aware."</p><br>
<p>There was no budget for additional facilities, so managers decided to modify an existing facility by building a tank within it using tooling funds and in-house fabricators. Stocks explained, "All we had was the Directors Discretionary funds available at the time. We were not allowed to construct a new building for the tank, so a leak was discovered under the model and prototype building. This leak required about 8 ft of concrete under the floor to repair." Thus the foundation of building 4706 was prepared in July 1967, to support a tank holding 1,300,000 gal of water.</p><br>
<p>Ed Buckbee wrote that the funding irregularities "prompted a GAO (Government Accountability Office) audit and reprimand, but contributed to the Marshall lore of creativity and pragmatism in getting the job done."</p><br>
<h2>Third tank</h2><br>
<p>Welding of the new tank took place in October and November 1967, after which a 40 ft deep, 75 ft diameter pool was nearly ready. Remaining work, according to Kuers&#39; November 20 report, included installation of a "two-ton hoist, a breathing air system, a scuba cylinder filling system, a new recompression chamber, the installation of the instrumentation in a trailer to be located between Buildings 4706 and 4705, the procurement and the installation of a diving bell and airlock and the design, procurement and installation of an elevator to operate between ground floor and the upper platform and to be used for the movement of both people and equipment."</p><br>
<p>Final preparations for testing took several more months. Engineers elected to fill the tank slowly to be able to repair any leaks found along the way, and they filled it, finding and fixing a few leaks, between February 29 and March 11, 1968. Thus readied, workers began installing test equipment. Workers had to develop new techniques to assemble parts underwater because of the low clearance between the top of the tank and the enclosing building&#39;s roof.</p><br>
<p>With the prospect of astronauts diving in pressure suits, the Manned Spacecraft Center (now Johnson Space Center), introduced a new level of safety to MSFC in the form of an Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI) committee which evaluated the facility for safety concerns. The committee was formed in December 1967. They carried out inspections and oversaw exercises to demonstrate readiness for a variety of contingencies. After nearly a year of a full tank, the procedures were ready for suited astronauts.</p><br>
<p>The first suited astronaut dive in the new tank was an exercise to develop Apollo Telescope Mount film retrieval techniques. Paul Weitz and Joseph Kerwin donned Apollo A5L suits (predecessor to the Apollo/Skylab A7L) and practiced film retrieval by both parallel rails and the trolley system while Edward Gibson observed in scuba gear on March 4, 1969. Their experiences led to a tether restraint system, heat exchanger in the space suit air supply, adjusting the umbilical so that it was neutrally buoyant, tweaks to the weighting system for the A5L suit, and a new foot restraint design.</p><br>
<p>With the addition of trailers for control and dressing rooms between buildings 4705 and 4706, the combination became referred to as building 4705.</p><br>
<h2>1969 to 1997</h2><br>
<p>Engineers used the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator for working out kinks in designs, and astronauts provided feedback from their experiences in the simulator. For example, on August 6 and 7, 1969, astronauts Owen Garriott, Walter Cunningham, and Rusty Schweickart evaluated the Apollo Telescope Mount EVA film retrieval system.</p><br>
<p>The simulator&#39;s hyperbaric chamber saw its first use for its intended purpose the night of September 24–25, 1969, when a TVA worker suffering decompression sickness near Knoxville was airlifted to MSFC for treatment arriving about midnight. NASA and TVA doctors attended treatments. The first round of treatment provided some improvement for the diver, but recovery was slow as of October 20. The patient had suffered a lesion on his spine and subsequent paralysis from the waist down. Sensory perception was returning, but not motor function.</p><br>
<p>Astronauts performed Skylab training at the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator in the early 1970s. Astronauts Conrad and Kerwin prepared for their Skylab 2 EVA missions by simulating their requirements in the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator before proceeding with the repairs in outer space.</p><br>
<p>The crew of Space Shuttle mission STS-41-C spent months training for the capture, repair, and release of the Solar Max satellite including practicing using the Manned Maneuvering Unit.</p><br>
<p>The Neutral Buoyancy Simulator was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Engineers continued to develop procedures and astronauts continued to train in the simulator for the Hubble Space Telescope missions, and International Space Station assembly through the tank&#39;s decommissioning in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The New York Life Building is the headquarters of the New York Life Insurance Company at 51 Madison Avenue in the Rose Hill and NoMad neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City. The building, designed by Cass Gilbert, abuts Madison Square Park and occupies an entire city block bounded by Madison Avenue, Park Avenue South, and 26th and 27th Streets.</p><br>
<p>The New York Life Building was designed with Gothic Revival details similar to Gilberts previous commissions, including 90 West Street and the Woolworth Building. The tower is 615 ft tall (the equivalent of forty stories), consisting of 34 office stories topped by a pyramidal, gilded six-story roof. At the time of the buildings construction, many structures were being built in the Art Deco style, and so Gilbert&#39;s design incorporated Art Deco influences in its massing while retaining the older-style Gothic Revival detailing. The New York Life Building is distinguished from the skyline by its gilded roof.</p><br>
<p>The New York Life Building was constructed in 1927–1928 on the site of Madison Square Garden. Upon completion, the New York Life Building was described as being run "like a small city". After World War II, New York Life became especially profitable, and built an annex to the north between 1960 and 1962. Additionally, New York Life completed a series of renovations to the original building during the late 20th century. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1978 and was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Designed in 1926 by Cass Gilbert, the New York Life Building was the last significant Gilbert skyscraper in Manhattan. The New York Life Building was also the last major insurance company "home office" to be built in New York City, and one of the few such structures remaining in the city. Its design was inspired by Salisbury Cathedral, although Gilbert also said that he took inspiration from some of his previous commissions, including 90 West Street and the Woolworth Building. The building was designed for the New York Life Insurance Company for three main reasons: to provide expansion space, as an investment, and as an icon.</p><br>
<p>The building occupies the full block between 26th Street, 27th Street, Madison Avenue and Park Avenue South. The lot measures 200 by, with the longer axis running west–east. The New York Life Building stands 615 ft tall and contains 34 floors, though is technically 40 stories high. The structure has been described as being one of the brightest in the city, with a total wattage of 30,000 watts.</p><br>
<h3>Form</h3><br>
<p>The New York Life Building combines streamlined Gothic details and a massing that is distinctly Moderne in design. The massing contains several setbacks as mandated under the 1916 Zoning Resolution. The setbacks are located at the 5th, 14th, 26th, 30th, 31st, 34th, and 35th floors, while the roof rises from the 35th-floor setback.</p><br>
<p>The lowest four stories, including the mezzanine, comprise the base, while the fifth through 13th floors comprise the buildings nine-story "central section". The buildings 21-story "tower" section rises from the 14th to 34th floors.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The facade is made of granite at the base, while the other stories are faced with limestone. Most of the windows are one-over-one sash windows with one of four lintel types, though the 34th floor contains single-pane windows that replaced the louvered or empty openings on that level.</p><br>
<h4>Base</h4><br>
<p>At ground level, all four sides contain arched double-height arcades that overlook the ground floor and the first-floor mezzanine. On the ground floor, there are storefronts with bronze display window frames above granite bulkheads, optionally with a transom; several of the storefronts have revolving doors with transoms. Some of the original storefronts have been modified.</p><br>
<p>The arcades on the Madison Avenue and Park Avenue South facades each have nine vertical bays, Each bay corresponds to one arch of the arcade. The main entrance archway is from Madison Avenue to the west, flanked by smaller arches on either side. There is also a smaller entrance from Park Avenue South. On the second through fourth floors, there are decorative spandrel panels between the windows on each floor.</p><br>
<h4>Central section and tower</h4><br>
<p>The central section of the building comprises the 5th through 13th floors. the windows on each floor are separated by decorative spandrels, while each bay is separated by protruding piers. There are other decorative elements such as gargoyles and a parapet on the 13th floor, and flagpoles on the 14th floor. The central section consists of seven bays on Madison Avenue and Park Avenue South, and seventeen bays on 26th and 27th Streets.</p><br>
<p>The square tower rises above the 14th floor and consists of five bays on either side. The wings to the west and east, which rise to the 25th floor, have three bays on either side. The west and east walls of the tower between the 14th and 25th floors, which are mostly hidden by the "wings", each have one window bay to the north and south, flanking the respective wings. There are minimal setbacks at the 30th and 31st floors. As with the central section, there are protruding piers separating each bay, as well as other decorative elements.</p><br>
<h4>Roof</h4><br>
<p>The octagonal pyramidal roof at the top is 88 ft tall At the top, a lantern rises another 57 ft and serves as the ventilation outflow.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Inside the New York Life Building is a large lobby running west–east for 400 ft, the entire length of the building. The lobby is designed similar to the nave of a cathedral, with travertine walls, a painted coffer ceiling with barrel vaults 38 ft tall, as well as bronze ornamental grilles on doorways and elevators. Perpendicular to the lobby are a pair of passages running north and south to 27th and 26th Streets respectively, providing six entrances from the surrounding streets.</p><br>
<p>There are five basement levels, extending 87 ft below ground level. The eastern side of the first basement level incorporates an entrance to the downtown platform of the New York City Subways 28th Street station, serving the. Another basement contains a vault developed in conjunction with engineers from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the United States Department of the Treasury. The vault contained features such as a time lock, an 800 lb steel door, and some 80 mi of wiring for the alarms. The other basements include service facilities, restaurants, and storage for the companys documents.</p><br>
<p>The rest of the interior is relatively unadorned, with a few exceptions. The executive offices contain wooden paneling and the premium deposit room contains a marble floor. In addition, the companys 48 by boardroom was moved over from the former 346 Broadway headquarters; this relocation had included all of the boardrooms furnishings, including the English brown oak paneling, tapestries, and windows.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Madison Square Park, a 7 acre green space diagonally across from the building to the southwest, was opened in 1844. The space was used extensively for cultural and military events, and Madison Avenue on the parks eastern border became an upscale residential row. The site of the New York Life Building was used between 1837 and 1871 as the Union Depot of the New York & Harlem and the New York & New Haven Railroads (now part of the Park Avenue main line). The location then hosted a concert garden named Gilmores Garden, as well as P.T. Barnum&#39;s Hippodrome. The first Madison Square Garden (MSG) was built in 1879 on the northeast corner of Madison Avenue and 26th Street, and was replaced in 1890 by the second Madison Square Garden.</p><br>
<p>The New York Life Insurance Company had been chartered in 1841 and was originally located in the Financial District of lower Manhattan. Its previous structures in New York City had been clustered around lower Manhattan, including 346 Broadway (erected 1870), though New York Life also built branches in other cities around the world. New York Life took up the mortgage of MSG in 1912, and bought the facility outright four years later, when the venue went bankrupt.</p><br>
<h3>Planning and construction</h3><br>
<h4>Planning</h4><br>
<p>New York Life first commissioned Cass Gilbert in 1919 to draw plans for a possible new skyscraper on the MSG site, having chosen Gilbert due to his reputation for creating designs that expressed discrete corporate identities. Gilbert proposed two plans for a tall tower: one with a high base and light courts, and the other with a lower base; however, neither was pursued further at the time. At the time, life insurance companies generally had their own buildings for their offices and branch locations. According to architectural writer Kenneth Gibbs, these buildings allowed each individual company to instill "not only its name but also a favorable impression of its operations" in the general public. This had been a trend since 1870, with the completion of the former Equitable Life Building in Manhattan&#39;s Financial District. Furthermore, life insurance companies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries generally built massive buildings to fit their large clerical and records-keeping staff.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s, New York Life was undergoing another period of rapid growth, and operations could no longer fit in the 346 Broadway building. The company formed a committee in 1923 to determine whether a new headquarters could feasibly be constructed on the MSG site, and by the end of that year, the committee concluded that such construction was possible. Additional sites were considered and rejected.</p><br>
<p>In February 1924, Gilbert proposed a 28-story structure to the companys board of directors. Two months later, the architect proposed a structure with a 21-story base and a 2-story, 50 ft tower. The board submitted "tentative plans" to the New York City Department of Buildings in May 1924. The plans were slightly changed from Gilberts original: the tower was expanded to seven stories, and the setbacks and light courts were minimized. The structure would also feature a north–south passageway and east–west lobby; five basement stories, including a subway entrance on the highest basement; and retail space at ground level, facing both inside and outside. Gilbert and the board of directors also considered other designs throughout the rest of 1924.</p><br>
<h4>Construction</h4><br>
<p>All leases at MSG were set to expire in May 1925. Demolition of MSG began at that time, and work on the foundation began in August 1925, after the old structure had been demolished. The erection of the New York Life Building&#39;s steelwork began in January 1926. Gunvald Aus was selected as the structural engineer and the Starrett Brothers as general contractor.</p><br>
<p>Builder Paul Starrett of the Starrett Brothers, whose opinion New York Lifes board had asked, had seen Gilberts tentative plan as an "unlighted, unrelieved box of a building". At the time, some $1 million had been spent and work was partially complete. The remaining cost of construction had been deemed too expensive; excessive ventilation and artificial lighting systems would have been needed due to the lack of light courts, making it difficult for the space to be profitable as originally planned. as well as by Starrett.</p><br>
<p>The ceremonial cornerstone, laid in June 1927, was filled with documents such as a copy of The New York Times and various company-related reports. New York Life started to move into the 51 Madison Avenue building in November 1928. During that month New York Life transferred 75 million documents representing $6.85 billion in policies to the new building. An additional $675 million in securities was transported to the new structure, protected by 100 armored cars with machine guns. The New York Life Building at 51 Madison Avenue was officially opened on December 12, 1928, when USA president Calvin Coolidge, a board member of New York Life, pressed a button at the White House. The structure had been completed at an ultimate cost of $23.35 million; of this, the land cost $2.35 million and the actual construction was $21 million.</p><br>
<h3>Use</h3><br>
<p>The New York Life Building was described as being run "like a small city": it had a security force of 25 security guards, which doubled as a fire brigade, as well as a cleaning team for the building&#39;s several miles of corridors. There was an employee clinic on the 14th floor, a system of 105 fire standpipes, a system of elevators carrying over 50,000 people a day, a mail system that handled 50,000 pieces of mail daily, and even an employee newspaper. New York Life initially only occupied about 65% of the space. The remaining floor area was rented out to other commercial and office tenants, such as wool firms, a drug store, and New York University. For several years, New York Life retained ownership of the Diana statue, finally shipping it to the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1932.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, New York Life became especially profitable, being involved in several New York City housing developments. In 1959, New York Life acquired much of the block located immediately to the north, between 27th and 28th Streets, and submitted plans to the Department of Buildings for a 16-story building on the site, to be located at 63 Madison Avenue. Carson & Lundin designed the annex Construction began in August 1960, and despite a major fire in early 1962, was completed later that year. Upon the annex&#39;s completion, it became known as the "North Building", while the older 51 Madison Avenue building was called the "South Building".</p><br>
<p>New York Life also completed a series of renovations during the late 20th century. In 1956, part of the roof was repaired as an interim measure. The entire roof of the buildings tower section was replaced in 1966–1967, and most of the stonework on the 35th-floor stone facade was removed. As part of the renovation, Carson, Lundin & Shaw replaced the gilded copper roof with gilded ceramic tiles, rearranged the structural steel holding up the roof, and extended the roofs slope downward. Several other projects involved adding air conditioning and fluorescent lighting to the interior, upgrading the elevators, and using alternating current rather than direct current for electricity. Some of the original interior decor was stripped in the process.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, to celebrate New York Lifes 140th anniversary, a 617 ft artificial candle was lit at the top of the pyramid. Other upgrades during the 1980s and 1990s included mechanical equipment on the setback of the 14th floor; new roofs above the setbacks on the 26th, 34th, and 35th floors; and cooling equipment on the western setback of the 26th floor. For New York Lifes 150th anniversary, in 1994–1995 the pyramid was restored with new tiles and lit at a cost of $4.1 million. The New York Life Insurance Company continued to maintain its headquarters in the building, but started leasing extra office space through Cushman and Wakefield in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<h3>Reception</h3><br>
<p>At opening, New York Life president Darwin P. Kingsley described the structure as "a majestic cathedral of insurance". George Shepard Chappell, writing in The New Yorker under the pseudonym "T-Square", said that Gilbert had been "allowed the luxury of a definite style" and considered the sparing ornamentation to be "decidedly refreshing". Robert A. M. Stern, in his book New York 1930, said that even as the building "was remarkably simplified by comparison with Gilbert&#39;s previous works, it was also more stolid".</p><br>
<p>A plaque outside the building, installed by the New York Landmarks Preservation Foundation, describes it as "a powerful example of corporate architecture, symbolizing the New York Life Insurance Company’s financial strength and stability". The National Park Service said that 51 Madison Avenue was "an excellently maintained example of Cass Gilbert&#39;s work" whose plans "best represents the large, well-structured organization of the New York Life Insurance Company" in its heyday. This was contrasted with the former Broadway headquarters, which were described as not being among the best work of its respective designer, McKim, Mead & White. After the 1995 renovation, the building received a Merit Citation Award from the New York Landmarks Conservancy.</p><br>
<p>Not all critics appraised the building positively. The WPA Guide to New York City compared the New York Life Building to the Woolworth Building: "Although the Gothic ornament is similar to that of the Woolworth Building, it lacks the powerful upward movement embodied in the latter." Charles Phelps Cushing wrote that the gilded roof resembled an "inverted ice cream cone, of golden brown pastry, stamped in the Nabisco pattern".</p><br>
<h3>Landmark designations</h3><br>
<p>The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1972. The New York Life Building was designated an official New York City landmark by the citys Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2000. At the time, The New York Times said that the building had never been proposed to the commission for designation, despite being "one of New Yorks most familiar landmarks".</p><br>
<p>The A. Walsh Stone House and Farm Complex is located along NY 94 in the Orange County town of Cornwall, New York, United States. It is next to the Salisbury Mills Metro-North station and not far from the Moodna Viaduct. The center of the complex, still a working farm, is a stone Greek Revival house. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Gertrude Herbert Institute of Art is located in Augusta, Georgia, in the home of former Augusta mayor and United States senator Nicholas Ware. Olivia Herbert founded the institute in 1937. The original name for the institute was the Augusta Art Club; it was later renamed in memorial to Olivia Herbert&#39;s daughter, Gertrude Herbert Dunn. The two primary missions of the institute are art education and visual arts exhibition.</p><br>
<h2>Education activity</h2><br>
<p>Facilitating the art education mission of the institute is a certification by the Georgia Council of Arts as a Teacher Professional Learning (TPL) provider current as of 2007. Among other certified providers is Emory University.</p><br>
<h2>Ware&#39;s Folly: The building housing the institute</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the home in which the institute is housed was completed in 1818. The building is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Built in the Federal style the house is notable for its three-story elliptical staircase. The building bears the nickname Ware&#39;s Folly, which derives from the high cost of the construction, $40,000 in 1818 or c. $12 million in 2007, and the extravagant interior detailing.</p><br>
<p>The D. W. Waters Career Center is a magnet high school located in Tampa, Florida. On May 15, 2007, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places as the Old Hillsborough County High School.</p><br>
<p>Built in the citys Tampa Heights neighborhood in 1911 at a cost of $60,000, the old Hillsborough County High School building served what was then the countys only high school. Architect William Potter designed the three-story masonry block building as a closed rectangle with an open center (since then it has been almost entirely filled). This was the third campus in the school&#39;s history and remained its home until 1928, when Hillsborough High School moved to its fourth and current campus ("County" was dropped from the name as by then the county had built an additional high school, Henry B. Plant High School).</p><br>
<p>The building has served other schools since then, including Jefferson High School, which was founded there in 1939 and called the building home until 1967. The school had a large Hispanic and Italian population due to students who were from the Latino communities of Ybor City and West Tampa. After that it housed the former George Washington Junior High School until that institution was closed in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Today the historic building continues its educational use as the home of D.W. Waters Career Center, a Hillsborough County Public Schools center for 11th grade and 12th grade students which focuses on occupational training. It benefited from a major restoration in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Sacred Heart Cultural Center, originally known also as Sacred Heart Catholic Church, is a historic events center and former Catholic parish church located in Augusta, Georgia. The church was established to accommodate Augusta&#39;s growing Catholic immigrant population, which had outgrown the St. Patrick parish by the 1870s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1874, Father Theodore Bulter acquired land for the new church and a Christian school intended to serve people of all denominations. Initially, temporary structures were built, and Jesuit priests were brought in to lead the new parish. Construction of the permanent church building began in 1897, and the first mass was held on December 2, 1900.</p><br>
<p>Sacred Heart Catholic Church was designed in a cruciform Romanesque style, with ornate features including an Italian marble high altar in the apse and two side altars in the transept. The walls of the structure were heavily adorned with stained glass from Munich, totaling 94 windows. Six rose windows dominate the ends of transept, and the aisle windows depict various saints and Catholic symbols. The nave features a barrel vault ceiling, and a small dome crowns the crossing of the transept. The facade of the church is distinguished by round towers with conical spires, and three stone arches frame the main entrances. The church is also notable for its intricate brickwork, which includes 15 different types of brick.</p><br>
<p>The church served the Augusta community for 70 years until it was closed in 1971 due to escalating maintenance costs and a declining population in the surrounding neighborhood. This decline was accelerated by two major floods of the Savannah River and the development of modern suburban, which drew residents away from downtown Augusta. While the building was vacant, it suffered from vandalism and was near destruction.</p><br>
<p>Sacred Heart was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the Knox Foundation undertook a renovation of the building, transforming it into a vibrant cultural center for the city. Today, the former rectory and school building house various non-profit organizations and arts groups.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The Sacred Heart Cultural Center hosts special events such as wine festivals, choral concerts, Christmas events, and an annual garden festival. Artwork is exhibited on a regular basis in the Art Gallery.</p><br>
<p>The St. Rita&#39;s Colored Catholic Mission is a historic building in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, United States. Built in 1899 as Sacred Heart Catholic Church on Faulkner Street, it was relocated to 314 Duss Street in 1956 to serve as a Catholic Mission to the African-American community. Today, it is the Mary S. Harrell Black Heritage Museum. On April 13, 2007, the building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Hastings Community Center was a historic building in Hastings, Florida, United States. It was located at 401 N. Main Street. It was built in 1937 with a combination of local government and Works Progress Administration funding. The building included an auditorium and meeting halls and its uses included government offices, a library and fire department. Many civic and social groups including the American Legion and American Red Cross used the building for meetings and other events. On February 21, 2007, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>State of Disrepair</h2><br>
<p>When the town of Hastings was dissolved in 2018, any and all decisions were made by the St. Johns County Commission. St. Johns County building inspectors determined the structure was in very poor condition, and was potentially unsafe. The structure was in a bad state of disrepair as it was vacant and deteriorating. It was devoid of most of its windows, and was suffering from severe roof failure. St. Johns County officials cited the building&#39;s dilapidated condition and the cost to preserve it (estimated in the millions of dollars) as the reasons to order its demolition.</p><br>
<h2>Demolition</h2><br>
<p>On January 28, 2019, St. Johns County, Florida issued Demolition Permit number 11900992. The Hastings Community Center was demolished in 2019 by the Peter Jerome Burkhalter contractor firm from Jacksonville.</p><br>
<h2>Delisting from the National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>In October 2022, a petition to delist the Hastings Community Center from the National Register of Historic Places was sent to the Florida Department of Historic Resources.</p><br>
<p>The Vocational Agriculture Building  was built by the Works Projects Administration  in 1938 with funding from the Flagler County Board of Public Instruction and the WPA. It is located at 1001 E. Howe St., Bunnell, Florida, United States. Interestingly, it never served as a schoolhouse as it was used as Bunnell High School&#39;s vocational agriculture department and housed the local chapter of the Future Farmers of America, which is now known as the National FFA Organization. The building is also often mistaken for a one-room schoolhouse, but it actually has two large rooms and a smaller storage room. This building is one of only three structures built in Flagler County during the Great Depression with funding provided by New Deal dollars. The other two are the Bunnell Coquina City Hall and the Flagler County Jail .</p><br>
<p>On February 21, 2007, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>WPA Project</h2><br>
<p>In November 1936, the Flagler County Board of Public Instruction met with G. A. Duncan, a representative of the Florida State Planning Board, to discuss ideas and future plans to improve the county&#39;s public school infrastructure.</p><br>
<p>The school board turned to Zachary D. Holland, the local Works Projects Administration (WPA) supervisor, for assistance in completing its WPA application, which was authorized for funding in late 1937. The federal agency agreed to supply the labor, or approximately eighty percent of the cost of the project, and the school board paid for the materials. In January 1938, the school board developed a materials list, which included 8,000 common hard bricks and 15,000 rough, or craft, textured bricks, Portland cement, builders lime, and various finished wood products and sizes of nails. A Bunnell builders supply store, Johnsons Incorporated, was awarded the materials bid. WPA supervisor Holland broke ground on the project later that month, anticipating construction to be completed in mid-1938. Holland completed the new school building in July 1938, and delivered the keys to the school board. The cost of construction amounted to $5,091.22 of which the school board provided $1,474.22.</p><br>
<p>The physical plant of the high school consisted of four buildings: the main brick high school, the brick vocational agriculture building, a small wood-frame structure with tin sheathing for five buses, and a small wood-frame janitorial storage building.</p><br>
<h2>FFA Training</h2><br>
<p>Under the leadership of Joe Norfleet, the Vocational Agriculture Department and local chapter of the FFA initiated use of the building in the 1938–1939 school year as the Smith-Hughes Vocational Agriculture course was added into the high schools curriculum as an elective. Students met daily in the building, studying agricultural topics and planting methods in the classroom, working on projects in the shop, and traveling to nearby agricultural fields to plant, cultivate, and harvest crops. Between 1938 and 1942, students held fund-raising activities to travel to Havana, Cuba, Worlds Fair in New York City, Washington, D. C., and the Florida State Fair in Tampa.</p><br>
<p>In 1940, the Bunnell FFA chapter earned the highest rank in Florida&#39;s FFA high school statewide program. Judges assessed students for achievement in community service leadership, cooperative activities, earnings and savings from demonstration plots, and recreational and scholarship activities.</p><br>
<h2>Usage as a Storage Facility</h2><br>
<p>The building housed the school&#39;s vocational agriculture training and FFA activities until 1970, when a fire severely damaged the main two-story high school building. After considerable debate, the high school was rebuilt at a new site on State Road 100 and Bunnell Elementary School was relocated to the old high school campus and re-built. Although the former high school building was razed and the hard-fire brick salvaged for resale, the former vocational agriculture building remained untouched. In the process of the clearing of the former foundations and construction of the new elementary school, the former agriculture building became a storage facility and then a liability that was boarded up and not maintained.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration into a Living Museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1986, three teachers: Nell Brown, Betty Latham, and Diane Marquis initiated an effort to save the building from imminent destruction, and restore it as a little red schoolhouse museum. After receiving approval from the Flagler County School Board, the teachers embarked on fund raising efforts under the aegis of the Friends of the Little Red Schoolhouse. Brown and Latham left the following year for positions at the newly built Wadsworth Elementary School in Palm Coast. Assisted by faculty and staff members Richard DuPont, Nancy McFeeley, and Nancy Willis, Marquis led the effort to carry on the vision of rescuing the building from deterioration and destruction. Marquis secured contributions for the preservation project from many organizations, including the Bunnell Elementary School Parent-Teacher Organization, Cultural Heritage Study Group, Flagler Beach Womens Club, Hammock Womens Club, ITT-Palm Coast, and Palm Coast Women&#39;s Club. Among other activities, school children made small miniatures of the old school for placement in stores and businesses in the community to collect funds and promote awareness of the project. Her efforts were supplemented in 1992 with a Blueprint 2000 grant for $10,000 from the Florida Legislature. In addition to obtaining financial resources.</p><br>
<p>On November 15, 1993, the building was dedicated as the Little Red</p><br>
<p>Schoolhouse Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Living Museum Artifacts</h2><br>
<p>Marquis collected various furnishings and antiques for the building, including a blackboard, books, chairs, and desks. Built in 1942, one cabinet was donated by Rem Murray, a former student who fabricated the furniture in the building as a vocational project. Among the artifacts are original wood school desks, many pictures and newspaper articles, Native American artifacts, as 48 star USA flag, an August 27, 1918 original signed letter from Mary McLeod Bethune when she was principal of the Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls Incorporated and a March 3, 1932 letter to Charles Lindbergh regarding the kidnapping of his son from Z.E. Booe, Flagler County Superintendent of Public Instruction.</p><br>
<p>The Amelia Barr House, also known as Cherry Croft, is located on Mountain Road in Cornwall on Hudson, a village in Orange County, New York, United States. It is on the slopes of Storm King Mountain, near Storm King School. Barr, the most published American female writer born in the 19th century, lived here during the most prolific and successful period of her career.</p><br>
<p>Barr, an Englishwoman who came to the United States from Lancashire at the age of 19, moved to New York City in the early 1870s with her daughters from Galveston, Texas, after her husband and six of her nine children died of yellow fever. There she began to write fiction. In 1885, she and her daughters began spending summers at a boardinghouse in Cornwall. Her novels eventually became successful enough that, in 1891, she could afford to buy the cottage, previously rented by artist Abbot Handerson Thayer. After highly regarded local builders Mead and Taft renovated it extensively, she renamed it Cherry Croft, and accordingly most of her work from that time period came to be known as the Cherry Croft novels. She summered there until selling it in 1915, when she moved to White Plains to be cared for by her daughter Lilly.</p><br>
<p>Mead and White&#39;s renovations resulted in a 3,500-square foot (315 m) three-storey home with six bedrooms, four bathrooms, library, living room and dining room. It has a 1,000-square foot (90 m) wraparound porch. Barr had a turreted writing room added on upstairs for her use. The original fixtures and trim, including the window screens, are still in place. In 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It has been repainted in white and black from the brown with red trim Barr favored. After continuous occupation since Barr&#39;s day, in April 2006 it became vacant, and remains so, although work is actively being done on the house.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul Roman Catholic Church in St. Paul, Oregon, United States, was the first church in Oregon to be built with bricks when it was constructed in 1846. It is the oldest brick building in the Pacific Northwest. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In 1836, French Canadian pioneers on the French Prairie in the Willamette Valley built a log cabin chapel along the Willamette River near the Methodist Mission. This structure was later moved to St. Paul and served as the church for the community until the current structure was built in 1846. After receiving permission from the Hudson&#39;s Bay Company, Blanchet moved south of the Columbia River and gave the first Mass in the Willamette Valley on January 6, 1839. While preaching to the Catholic community at that church, Blanchet lived behind the altar. On December 11, 1843, Pope Gregory XVI created an apostolic vicarate out of Oregon with Blanchet as the archbishop.</p><br>
<h2>New building</h2><br>
<p>After the original log structure burned down, parishioners decided to replace the old church with a brick structure. On May 24, 1846, the cornerstone was laid on the new red-brick building. Upon completion, Blanchet dedicated the new church building on November 1, 1846.</p><br>
<p>The James Weldon Johnson Residence is a historic apartment house located at 187 West 135th Street, Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is here where James Weldon Johnson  lived from 1925 until his death. In addition to being a composer, songwriter, and author, he was an outspoken advocate for civil rights, working in various roles at the NAACP, including as its General Secretary during his residency here.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The James Weldon Johnson Residence is located on the north side of West 135th Street, just east of its junction with Seventh Avenue in Manhattan&#39;s northern Harlem neighborhood. It is one of a pair of similar five-story brick buildings, which share styling and a party wall. The buildings have Romanesque styling, with that on the left exhibiting a curved corner bay. The buildings share a projecting cornice with modillion blocks, as well as gabled roof over their entrances, which stand on either side of the party wall. The facades are each three bays wide, with sash windows set in rectangular openings with limestone sills and lintels.</p><br>
<p>James Weldon Johnson occupied one of the units at #187 from 1925 until his death in 1938. Born in Florida in 1871 to middle-class African-Americans, Johnson was educated at Atlanta University, and had a diverse career as an educator, composer, singer, author, and journalist. He was hired by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1916, and held positions of importance in the organization for the rest of his productive life. He was instrumental in building the organization in the segregated South, and lobbied for anti-lynching legislation. He died in a car accident in 1938.</p><br>
<p>The Swoboda Bakery was built in 1888 in the Little Bohemia neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 19, 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in 1888 by Joseph Dworak & Company, the Swoboda Bakery was central to Omaha&#39;s Czech immigrant community. The two-story building was originally designed as a mixed-use commercial and residential property. After a City-funded rehabilitation was completed in 1996, the building was converted to rental residential space only.</p><br>
<p>The Prague Hotel is located at 1402 South 13th Street on the southwest corner of South 13th and William Streets in the heart of the Little Bohemia neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska. Designed by Joseph Guth and built−in 1898, this building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1869, Vaclav Stepanek built the first Czech dance hall where the Prague Hotel now stands. Gottlieb Storz built the Prague Hotel in 1898, as a three-story brick building that provided Nebraska&#39;s Czech immigrants with familiarities in their new country. It opened on June 1, 1898. In addition to a 25-room hotel, it included a restaurant and a tavern. A sign in the tavern window proclaimed in Czech, "Pražská Pivnice, Dámy Jsou Vítány", which translated to English meant "Prague Hotel, Ladies Are Invited". The tavern closed in 1942. For more than forty years it had remained the only hotel catering to Bohemians between Chicago and the Pacific Coast.</p><br>
<p>In 1987 the building was rehabilitated and converted into apartments. Local architectural firm Prochaska & Associates won awards for their renovation work on the building.</p><br>
<p>The Wyant-Talbot House is located on Clark Avenue in the village of Cornwall on Hudson, New York. It is a Registered Historic Place, built around 1870 in the Queen Anne style by L.N. Wyant, a local merchant. Talbot owned a store in the village, and by 1891, most of Clark Avenue. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Little is known about Mr. Leonard N. Wyant; in April 1880 he was elected an elder of the Cornwall Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>55 Wall Street, formerly the National City Bank Building, is an eight-story building on Wall Street between William and Hanover streets in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City, New York, United States. The lowest three stories were completed in either 1841 or 1842 as the four-story Merchants&#39; Exchange and designed by Isaiah Rogers in the Greek Revival style. Between 1907 and 1910, McKim, Mead & White removed the original fourth story and added five floors to create the present building. The facade and part of the interior are New York City designated landmarks, and the building is listed on both the New York State Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places  as a National Historic Landmark. It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>55 Wall Streets granite facade includes two stacked colonnades facing Wall Street, each with twelve columns. Inside is a cruciform banking hall with a 60 ft vaulted ceiling, Corinthian columns, marble floors and walls, and an entablature around the interior. The banking hall was among the largest in the United States when it was completed. The offices of Citibanks predecessor National City Bank were in the corners of the banking hall, while the fourth through eighth floors were used as office space.</p><br>
<p>The Merchants&#39; Exchange building replaced a structure that had burned down in the Great New York City Fire of 1835. 55 Wall Street subsequently hosted the New York Stock Exchange, then the United States Custom House until a new Custom House building was developed on Bowling Green in the 1900s. After 55 Wall Street was expanded, it served as the headquarters of National City Bank from 1908 to 1961; Citibank continued to own the building until 1992. The upper stories operated as a hotel from 2000 to 2003, then were renovated again and converted into the Cipriani Club Residences condominium development in 2006. The original banking room became a ballroom.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>55 Wall Street occupies a full block bounded by Wall Street to the north, Hanover Street to the east, Exchange Place to the south, and William Street to the west. Though the building occupies an entire city block, each side is a different length due to the irregular street grid in the area. The dimensions of the building are 191 ft on Wall Street, 141 ft on Hanover Street, 197 ft on Exchange Place, and 177 ft on William Street.</p><br>
<p>The building is near 48 Wall Street and 60 Wall Street to the north, the Wall and Hanover Building to the east, 20 Exchange Place to the south, and 15 Broad Street to the west. Immediately outside the buildings northwestern corner is an entrance to the Wall Street station on the New York City Subways Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (served by the ).</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>55 Wall Street is eight stories tall and has a basement; it is composed of the original three-story building and a five-story addition. rising 124 ft above ground level. The dome was 80 ft wide and rose 90 ft above the main exchange floor. The original domed structure was the most prominent part of the Lower Manhattan skyline in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Charles Follen McKim of McKim, Mead & White, along with William S. Richardson, was hired to enlarge the building between 1907 and 1910. The firm had previously designed commercial buildings, including numerous banks. Their work included removing the dome and top story; adding five floors and a second colonnade; and redesigning the exchange floor into a main banking floor. A net total of four stories were added. The first floor was also lowered slightly to resemble a basement and the actual basement was relabeled as a sub-basement.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The facade is composed of ashlar granite masonry. The northern and eastern facades are composed of thirteen vertical architectural bays, while the William Street side has ten bays and the Exchange Place side has eight bays.</p><br>
<p>A cornice and various entablatures wrap around the entire facade. Two colonnades face Wall Street, but the other three facades on William Street, Exchange Place, and Hanover Street have no colonnades. Instead, these sides contain pilasters between each bay on the second and third stories, except for the center bay, which is a large arched window. When McKim, Mead & White expanded the building, the pilasters were extended to the fourth through seventh stories of these facades.</p><br>
<h4>Colonnades</h4><br>
<p>The facade of the original structure featured twelve massive Ionic columns on Wall Street, each a single block of granite from Quincy, Massachusetts. The facade was originally topped by a frieze, according to lithographs published during the 19th century. Above the center of the frieze was a sculpture of a woman holding a staff and accompanied by motifs of a cornucopia, an eagle, a globe with a branch, and a parcel.</p><br>
<p>The 1900s renovation placed a second colonnade of Corinthian columns above the original facade. The Corinthian columns were made of granite sourced from Spruce Head, Maine, and Rockport, Massachusetts. In addition, some of the granite from the lower section of the building was reused in the upper colonnade. These columns measure 3.75 ft in diameter, and their centers are spaced 14 ft apart. The arrangement of lighter Corinthian columns above heavier Ionic columns was in keeping with a principle of classical architecture.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The original buildings structural system is made of masonry, while the addition is built around a steel structure. The roof has a cornice with a masonry parapet that surrounds all four sides. The buildings first floor was originally one story above the street, but it was lowered to ground level during the 1900s renovation. National City Bank employees could enter and exit the building from the southwestern corner of the basement.</p><br>
<p>The interior has a total floor area of 241,000 ft2. The original interior was completely demolished and refurbished during McKim, Mead & White&#39;s renovation. The spaces include marble, mahogany, and brass decorations.</p><br>
<h4>Banking hall</h4><br>
<p>The banking hall, a cruciform space, covers 25,000 ft2 and measures 187 ft from west to east and about 120 ft from north to south. When built, it was among the United States&#39; largest banking halls. Light gray stone was imported from Europe for the columns and floors, Above the columns, the interior was finished with artificial stone of a similar color. The ceiling is lit by bronze chandeliers; originally, there were five chandeliers that each measured 12 ft across. Seals of the National City Bank were also placed throughout the space. The dome is decorated with 16 panels in low relief. Four of the panels bear the directions of the compass, and the remaining twelve have astrological signs.</p><br>
<p>The largest coffer in the ceiling is above the southern portion of the banking hall. which weighed 300 tons. The double-height safe measured approximately 22 by across and 20 ft high. It was surrounded by 18 in steel plating and supported by steel and marble stilts that extended into the basement. If anyone attempted to break in, coils along the exterior of the safe would eject hot steam. The interior of the safe contained separate compartments for the banks daytime and nighttime staff. The safe was moved to the basement in 1957. There was a marble screen and bank tellers desks around the safe, within an enclosure measuring 45 by across.</p><br>
<p>The Hanover Street side of the banking hall had desks for bank officers, which were separated from the rest of the room by a low marble balustrade with a gate. There were three stories of offices at each corner of the banking hall, which were originally used by the bank. The spaces were designed with few decorations. The southeastern corner of the first floor contained the six-room presidents suite, which included the executive and secretarys offices, two conference rooms, a hall, and decorative restroom. Bookkeepers and National City Banks bond and foreign departments were in each of the other corners. Conference rooms on the third floor were housed in another lavish suite. Pneumatic tubes and telegraph systems were used to transfer data between National City Banks different departments. The office mezzanines are connected by bronze and iron balconies, which run on two sides of the room alongside the windows. A balcony was also constructed above the southern portion of the banking hall in 1925. The mezzanines also had 21 smaller safes.</p><br>
<h4>Other floors</h4><br>
<p>In addition to the main triple-height banking hall on the first floor, there was originally office space on the fourth through seventh floors and staff facilities on the eighth floor. All of these stories surrounded a light court at the center of the building. The offices on the fourth through seventh floors had the address 53 Wall Street. these offices were rented to outside firms. Elevators for the office stories were placed at the northwestern corner of the building, near Wall and William streets. The fifth floor contained three dining rooms for office employees: one each for officers, other male workers, and other female workers. Also on the fifth floor were laundry, storage, and serving rooms, as well as a kitchen.</p><br>
<p>On the eighth floor was an attic containing facilities used by bank staff. The buildings janitor lived on the northwestern corner of the eighth floor, where there was a suite with six rooms and a restroom. For officers who needed to remain at the building overnight, the eighth floor contained two bedrooms with a shared bathroom on the south side of the light court. The eastern side of the eighth floor contained National City Banks library, while the northern side contained the No.8 social club. The eighth floor also contained dining rooms for men and women, as well as a kitchen, ice-cream room, and kitchen. Dining rooms were also provided for officers and guests. The attic was surrounded by an outdoor patio measuring 15 ft wide. Part of the patio on the eighth floor could also be used as an outdoor restaurant for employees.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the five upper stories were converted to a residential condominium development, the Cipriani Club Residences. There are 106 condominiums in total, divided into 22 studio apartments, 62 one-bedroom apartments, 11 two-bedroom apartments, and 11 three-bedroom apartments. The development also includes the Cipriani Club, a set of private residential amenities that are available only to residents. The club includes a library, spa, business lounge, screening room, and hair salon. In addition, club members could use the building&#39;s patio and ballroom, and the Cipriani Club also hosted wine-and-cheese tasting events. When the Cipriani Club Residences were completed, residents were given two years of free club membership, after which they had to pay $5,000 annually.</p><br>
<p>Remnants of the building&#39;s usage by the United States Custom House included the jail cells used to detain smugglers and spies. which were used between 1863 and 1899. Embedded in a wall was a cannonball, a keg of gunpowder, and over 100 rudimentary bombs that were believed to have been armaments for custom house employees during the New York City draft riots of 1863. During the 1900s, an elevator was installed to carry valuables between the basement and main banking floor. The safe-deposit vault on the main banking floor was relocated to the basement in 1957. The concrete floor of the basement is 10 ft thick, requiring workers to blast into the floor while they were installing the vault. The basement includes heating and cooling machinery as well.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Merchants&#39; Exchange</h3><br>
<p>The site of 55 Wall Street was previously occupied by a house built in 1656 and a block of housing built in 1789. It was designed in the Greek Revival style by Alexander Jackson Davis, Ithiel Town, and Samuel Thompson. The structure was two stories tall with a raised basement. It had a frontage of 114 ft along Wall Street and a depth of 150 ft to Exchange Place. The cupola&#39;s design was inspired by that of the Old Town Hall in Manchester.</p><br>
<p>The first structure was primarily used by grain merchants, The statue, measuring 15 ft tall, was installed in the Exchange by April 1835. Fire swept throughout lower Manhattan. Passersby brought valuable objects from other buildings into the Merchants Exchange, in the belief that the Merchants Exchange would survive the fire, but the building&#39;s cupola collapsed.</p><br>
<p>The Merchants Exchanges committee of trustees proposed in February 1836 to build a larger building on the site of the older structure. The remaining lots on the block were acquired for this purpose. The same year, construction started on a new building designed by Isaiah Rogers. or 1842. The last column was not installed until December 16, 1844, the ninth anniversary of the Great Fire. The new structure was initially occupied by the National Bank of Commerce until 1853, and a post office in the building operated until 1845. The Stock Exchange was also situated in 55 Wall Street until 1854.</p><br>
<h3>Custom house</h3><br>
<p>By 1861, the New York Custom House was looking to relocate from 26 Wall Street (now Federal Hall) to 55 Wall Street. The federal government signed a lease with the Merchants Exchange in February 1862, intending to move into the building that May, when the Merchants Exchange was set to move out. The architect William A. Potter then renovated the building. Clerks were situated in the central rotunda under the dome, while cashiers and auditors worked in the corner offices. The proximity of 55 Wall Street to the Subtreasury, which had moved into the old custom house at 26 Wall Street, was particularly beneficial, since the custom house had to make payments in gold. The building also housed other tenants, including the American Bank Note Company, who operated a currency printing plant in the penthouse between 1862 and 1867.</p><br>
<p>The Custom House on Wall Street had become overcrowded by 1887. William J. Fryer Jr., superintendent of repairs of New York Citys federal-government buildings, wrote to the United States Department of the Treasurys Supervising Architect in February 1888 about the "old, damp, ill-lighted, badly ventilated" quarters at 55 Wall Street. Architecture and Building magazine called the letter "worthy of thoughtful investigation". This led to an act of Congress which authorized the selection of a site for a new custom house and appraisers warehouse. Soon after, Fryer presented his report to the New York State Chamber of Commerce. The Chamber said in 1889 that "We have not seriously considered the removal of the present Custom House proper, since it is well located, and, if found inadequate, can easily be easily be enlarged to meet all the wants of the Government for an indefinite time to come." By the end of the century, the custom houses proximity to the Subtreasury was no longer advantageous, as it was easier to use a check or certificate to make payments on revenue than to pay with gold.</p><br>
<p>Despite opposition to the new structure, a bill to acquire land for a new custom house and sell the old building was passed in both houses of the USA Congress in early 1891. No progress was made until 1897, when Cass Gilbert was selected to design a new USA Custom House at 1 Bowling Green. James Stillman, president of National City Bank (predecessor bank of Citibank), arranged for his company to buy 55 Wall Street for its headquarters. National City Bank had grown into one of the United States largest banks under Stillmans leadership; the bank held $13 million in deposits when he became its president in 1891, a figure that had increased to nearly $309 million when he retired in 1909. Despite this rapid growth, the bank still occupied a dilapidated space at 52 Wall Street, directly across the street to the north. The USA government held a pro forma public auction, in which City Bank made a formal bid for the building, and the bank agreed on July 4, 1899, to buy the building for $3.265 million. The arrangement had been facilitated by Stillman&#39;s friendships with President William McKinley and USA Treasury Secretary Lyman Gage. The next month, the old Custom House was sold for $3.21 million (about $ million in ).</p><br>
<h3>National City Bank</h3><br>
<h4>Conversion</h4><br>
<p>The USA Customs Service remained in the building for eight years after the sale, and the federal government paid City Bank $128,000 a year (about $ million in ) to rent space in the building. Democrats in the House of Representatives criticized the transaction, saying Congresss decision to provide rent appropriations to the Customs Service was an "extravagant" use of money. In a vote in 1905, the House blocked an appropriation that would have paid the Customs Services rent to City Bank. House Republicans eventually approved the rent appropriation for the building in June 1906. Meanwhile, City Bank had paid all except $40,000 of the purchase price as part of its agreement with the federal government. The bank had not yet taken title to 55 Wall Street, though the city&#39;s tax assessors valued the building at $5 million. As a result, the New York City government sued City Bank for non-payment of taxes in January 1906. Representatives of the bank said that because it had not taken title to the building, the bank should not have to pay property taxes.</p><br>
<p>Stillman, wishing to modify 55 Wall Street, had hired McKim, Mead & White in 1904. Stanford White was the original head of the project, though he died in 1906 before work started. White had suggested redesigning the building to resemble the Pantheon in Rome, and Stillman sent a City Bank vice president to Italy to study the Pantheons architecture. The banks officers initially advocated for replacing the Merchants Exchange Building with a skyscraper, and members of the public worried that the building would be demolished. Until early 1907, it was unclear whether City Bank would expand the building or replace it with an 18-to-20-story structure, so the firm was asked to prepare two sets of plans. Stillman and architect Charles Follen McKim also considered developing a 23-story tower and preserving the existing building at the towers base, as well as modifying the existing building while retaining the rotunda from Rogers&#39;s design.</p><br>
<p>The Customs Service moved its offices to Bowling Green on November 4, 1907. Work was delayed slightly because of the Panic of 1907. Contractors retained as much of the existing exterior as possible. The upper stories were constructed from 1908 to 1910, though some of the interior spaces were not completed until 1914. National City Bank moved to 55 Wall Street on December 19, 1908. Messengers carried the bank&#39;s $500 million holdings from the old office across the street in leather satchels containing at least $10,000 each. Several days later, the building opened to the public. The expansion had cost $2.3 million (about $ million in ).</p><br>
<h4>1910s to 1940s</h4><br>
<p>Upon the completion of the renovation, National City Bank&#39;s law firm Shearman & Sterling had offices on the upper stories.</p><br>
<p>National City Bank and the Farmers Loan and Trust Company merged in 1929, with the latter becoming the City Bank Farmers Trust Company. Two years later, City Bank Farmers Trust erected 20 Exchange Place immediately to the south to house the operations of the expanded bank. First National Bank temporarily moved to 55 Wall Street from its former location at 2 Wall Street, when that structure was weakened during the construction of an annex to 14 Wall Street, although First National returned to 2 Wall Street in 1933. 55 Wall Street and 20 Exchange Place collectively served as National City Banks global headquarters and were connected by a now-demolished pedestrian bridge over Exchange Place. Initially, 55 Wall Street did not have any signage indicating that it housed the National City Bank. In 1947, bank officials decided to install a sign with the bank&#39;s name outside the building because visitors frequently got lost while looking for the bank.</p><br>
<h4>1950s to 1990s</h4><br>
<p>National City Bank merged with the First National Bank in 1955, becoming First National City Bank; the newly merged banks were headquartered at 55 Wall Street. During the same period, the main banking room at 55 Wall Street underwent a multi-year restoration that finished in 1958. The two-story safe-deposit vault was moved to the basement between September and November 1957. Shortly afterward, in March 1958, City Bank Farmers Trust took over the construction of a skyscraper on 399 Park Avenue, which the Astor family had previously been developing. First National initially considered relocating all of its operations to Park Avenue. By 1959, the bank had decided to relocate its national and international divisions, as well as administrative offices for its New York City branches, to Park Avenue while retaining its legal headquarters and some departments at 55 Wall Street. The Park Avenue headquarters opened in 1961, although First National retained 55 Wall Street as a downtown headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated 55 Wall Streets exterior as one of the citys earliest official landmarks in 1965. Through the late 20th century, Citibank continued to operate a full-service retail branch at 55 Wall Street called Branch #001. It also remained a substantial location for private banking operations. By then, the banking hall had not been open to the public for several years, but Citibank had declined several developers&#39; offers to buy the building.</p><br>
<p>The developer George Klein bought 363,000 ft&sup2; of the unused air rights on 55 Wall Streets site in 1983 as part of the construction of the adjacent 60 Wall Street; the LPC supported this move. Shearman & Sterling moved out of 55 Wall Street in 1987. The developer Philip Pilevsky, along with three principals of the Newmark Group, agreed to buy the building in early 1987. Pilevsky and his associates Jeffrey Gural and Barry Gosin, both of the Newmark Group, bought 55 Wall Street later that year for $49 million. Newmark began looking for tenants to occupy more than half of the buildings space. Milgrim Thomajan & Lee, a large law firm based in Midtown Manhattan, agreed to lease 120,000 ft2, becoming one of the building&#39;s major tenants in the 1980s and early 1990s.</p><br>
<h3>Later use</h3><br>
<h4>1990s proposals</h4><br>
<p>Gural, Gosin, and Pilevsky spent over $20 million to renovate the building. and Migrim Thomajan & Lee went bankrupt. Afterward, 55 Wall Street was used mostly for film shoots, since the rotunda was unoccupied and much of the office space on the upper floors was also vacant. The building was depicted in advertisements, like those for Cadillac and the mutual funds company PNC Inc., as well as in films such as Batman Forever and Die Hard with a Vengeance. 55 Wall Street&#39;s various landmark statuses precluded potential tenants from easily renovating the exterior, and the rotunda was only attractive to large retailers, while office tenants were relegated to a side entrance. Kajima subsidiary Commercial Development had tried to lease the banking hall to a retailer, such as CompUSA or Barnes & Noble, and it enlarged an existing loading dock on Exchange Place to attract retail tenants.</p><br>
<p>Despite the lack of potential tenants for the rotunda, several firms had shown interest in leasing the office space. Real estate developer Donald Trump offered to buy 55 Wall Street in 1996 for $20 million, which he stated was a bargain cost. At the time, many tenants had left the building after their leases had expired, and an excess of vacant office space in Lower Manhattan had reduced property values in the area. Trump ultimately decided not to buy 55 Wall Street, and one of Credit Suisse First Boston&#39;s subsidiaries instead purchased the building for $21.15 million. Credit Suisse wanted to convert 55 Wall Street into a residential structure or a hotel.</p><br>
<h4>Conversion to event venue, hotel, and residences</h4><br>
<p>In September 1997, the building was sold again to a group headed by restaurant-and-ballroom company Cipriani S.A., businessman Sidney Kimmel, and Hotel Jerome operator T. Richard Butera for $27 million. By that point, there was high demand for luxury hotels in Lower Manhattan. Starting the next year, building was completely renovated into a luxury hotel.</p><br>
<p>Cipriani and developer Steve Witkoff formed a partnership in 2004, converting the defunct hotel rooms into a residential condominium development called the Cipriani Club Residences. Louise Sunshine was hired to sell the apartments through her company Sunshine Group, and tenants began buying apartments in November 2005. Two early residents, actor Mickey Rourke and supermodel Naomi Campbell, appeared in advertisements for the Cipriani Club Residences in exchange for discounts on the building&#39;s condominiums. The buyers of the remaining condominiums included financiers; two friends of Sarah, Duchess of York; and soccer captain Claudio Reyna. Most of the studios and one-bedroom apartments had been sold by mid-2006, though the two- and three-bedroom apartments were still being completed.</p><br>
<p>The main banking floor remained in use as the Cipriani Wall Street event venue, which hosted the Peabody Awards from 2015 to 2019. In May 2020, amid a loss of income during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, Cipriani defaulted on a mortgage loan that had been placed on its event venues at 110 East 42nd Street and 55 Wall Street. A special servicer took over the mortgage in 2021, but the two event venues were at risk of foreclosure by the end of that year. By June 2022, King Street Capital Management was considering giving Cipriani $150 million to refinance the debt on 110 East 42nd Street and 55 Wall Street. That September, W. P. Carey gave Cipriani a $52.1 million commercial mortgage-backed securities loan and a $28 million mezzanine loan for the two properties.</p><br>
<h2>Reception and landmark designations</h2><br>
<p>According to James Stillman, 55 Wall Streets 1900s expansion was meant to be an "outward and visible sign of power and combination". One writer characterized the design as "a temple of finance" that was "one of the most opulent banking houses in the United States", and The New York Times dubbed it a "temple of capitalism". Architectural criticism was mixed. The author Peter James Hudson wrote that some critics praised Stillman for retaining the old structure rather than replacing it with a modern skyscraper. Stillmans immediate successor Frank A. Vanderlip had preferred such a tower because he predicted that National City Bank would quickly outgrow the space. Hudson wrote that other critics "viewed the renovation as an aesthetic aberration", especially with regards to the juxtaposition of the colonnades. After the building was renovated in the late 1970s, architectural writer Ada Louise Huxtable described the renovations as "laudable" and that "it would be nice to be able to say that the results are as good as the intentions".</p><br>
<p>The interior was critically acclaimed: the fourth edition of the AIA Guide to New York City called the interior a "facility unequaled in America", and the converted banking hall was described as among the worlds "most elegant ballrooms". Historian Leland M. Roth wrote that the banking hall was "one of the great spaces in the city" because of its "sheer magnitude". In 1972, the Times described 55 Wall Streets banking hall as one of several "notable interior spaces" in New York City, along with the banking halls of 14 Wall Street, 23 Wall Street, and 110 East 42nd Street; the Chamber of Commerce Buildings great hall; the Cunard Buildings lobby; and the Bowling Green Custom House&#39;s rotunda.</p><br>
<p>The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the buildings exterior as a landmark on December 21, 1965, and it was further designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, marking the building as a site that adds "exceptional value to the nation". The building was added to the New York State Register of Historic Places in 1980 as well. The LPC designated the banking floors interior as a city landmark on January 12, 1999. Additionally, in 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a NRHP district.</p><br>
<p>The Whitney Museum of American Art original building is a collection of three 1838 rowhouses at 8–12 West 8th Street, between Fifth Avenue and MacDougal Street, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. In 1907, Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney established the Whitney Studio Gallery at 8 West 8th Street adjacent to her own MacDougal Alley studio. This, and the later Whitney Studio Club at 147 West 4th Street, were intended to provide young artists with places to meet and exhibit their works.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, American artist and friend Robert Winthrop Chanler was commissioned to redesign the interior of the 8th Street property, adding an allegorical bas-relief ceiling, a 20-foot-high plaster and bronze fireplace, elaborate stained glass windows, and decorative screens.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, when the Metropolitan Museum of Art rejected Whitney&#39;s offer of the gift of nearly 500 new artworks that she had collected, Whitney established the Whitney Museum of American Art. In 1931, she had architect Auguste L. Noel of the firm of Noel & Miller convert the three row houses at 8–12 West 8th Street into a gallery and residence for herself, and the museum&#39;s first home.</p><br>
<p>In the 1940s, plans to incorporate the collections of the Whitney into the Metropolitan Museum of Art as part of the 75th-anniversary celebration of the Met were unrealized. In 1954, the museum moved uptown to new quarters on 54th Street between 5th and 6th Avenues – eventually settling in 1966 at 945 Madison Avenue at East 75th Street – and the building, with the addition of #14 West 8th Street, an Italianate house built in 1853–54, became the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture.</p><br>
<p>The building is located within the Greenwich Village Historic District, established in 1969 by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1992. Listed on the World Monuments Fund&#39;s 2012 Watch list, it has been the focus of an extensive restoration project on the part of the University of Pennsylvania&#39;s Architectural Conservation Laboratory, in collaboration with the fund.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>These photographs, from a 1937 museum publication, show the museum as it was at the time:</p><br>
<p>The Hancock House is a historic structure in the Hancocks Bridge section of Lower Alloways Creek Township, Salem County, New Jersey, United States. It was the site of the 1778 Hancocks Bridge massacre. The site is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1734 for Judge William and Sarah Hancock and features Flemish bond brickwork detailed with blue-glazed bricks, which gives the year of construction (1734) and the initials of the couple for whom it was built: W S for William and Sarah. William died in 1762 and passed the house to his son William, also a judge.</p><br>
<h2>Massacre</h2><br>
<p>On March 21, 1778, Major John Graves Simcoe led approximately 300 British soldiers and Queen&#39;s Rangers through a marsh and across Alloway Creek to surround Hancock House. At approximately 5 a.m., they entered the house and surprised 20 to 30 members of the local militia stationed there, along with Judge Hancock, a loyalist who was thought to be away for the night. Eight American men were killed during the melee, including Judge Hancock, who died the following day from 10 stab wounds. The rest were wounded at the scene or during a retreat, or captured as prisoners.</p><br>
<p>William Abbott and his son Samuel watched in the dawning light from the attic window of their home in Elsinboro, diagonally across the creek from the Hancock House, as the British and Tory soldiers pursued and killed the few American militiamen who had escaped the scene of the carnage at the house and surrounding yard. The next morning while driving to a meeting in Salem, several British and Tory troops surrounded the Abbott carriage, tormenting the occupants by thrusting their bayonets at them, then showed them blood on their steel weapons and exclaimed, "See the blood of your countrymen."</p><br>
<p>Other County Colonial lore states that, in the midst of the massacre, the pregnant wife of one of the local militia was sleeping in the Hancock House. She was awakened by the screams of the dying men and jumped from a second story window on the west side of the house to make her escape. Tradition says that, within twenty-four hours, the child was born and that descendants of that child are living in Lower Alloways Creek township today. The old Hancock House museum is said to still have actual massacre blood stains on its attic floor.</p><br>
<p>The A. J. Clark Store is located along Main Street in downtown Cornwall, New York, United States. It is a brick Italianate building dating from approximately 1875.</p><br>
<p>It has a two-foot (60 cm) parapet around its entire roof and a covered two-story porch looking out on the street. Inside, original period features such as a pressed-metal ceiling, hardwood floors, doors and staircase remain. There have been no significant changes to the building since its original construction.</p><br>
<p>Archer Clark built the building to house his butcher shop around 1875, after an 1870 fire destroyed his earlier quarters. It would continue in existence in that building for a century. Later, one of his descendants converted it into a delicatessen, and today another Clark does financial planning on the ground floor. In 1996 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as an intact commercial building dating from Cornwall&#39;s days as a summer resort town in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Cornwall Friends Meeting House is a historic meeting house located on a 5.4 acre parcel of land at the junction of Quaker Avenue  and US 9W in Cornwall, New York, United States, near Cornwall-St. Luke&#39;s Hospital. It is both the oldest religious building in the town, and the first one built. In 1988 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a well-preserved, minimally-altered example of a late 18th-century Quaker meeting house.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1790, it emulates the doubled style of meeting house pioneered by Buckingham Friends Meeting House in Pennsylvania two decades earlier. David Sands-Ring, a local convert to the Religious Society of Friends and the son of a wealthy landowner, sponsored the construction of the meeting house. At first a branch of the Nine Partners meeting near present-day Millbrook in Dutchess County, it later became an independent congregation within the Society. Members also maintain the Smith Clove Meetinghouse in Highland Mills to the south of Cornwall.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The property consists of the meeting house, a carriage house and cemetery. All are considered contributing resources to the Register listing.</p><br>
<p>The meeting house itself is a two-and-a-half-story four-bay white clapboard structure, set amid tall oak trees and set back slightly from the street. It has a full porch on the south (front) elevation, where separate entrances project at either end. Rough-hewn post-and-beam framing supports the house on a stone foundation. The gabled roof has a slight overhang but no decoration. A one-story wing with brick chimney rising from its metal-shingled roof extends from the northeast corner.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the main floor is divided into two rooms of equal size, with a removable partition between them, an original feature found in many Quaker meeting houses of the period. The western half, used for services, features plain white benches along every wall facing the center of the room, where a Bible sits on a small table. The benches along the northern wall, reserved for elders, are slightly elevated. The east room, used for meetings and social gatherings, has a piano, folding tables and chairs and a library of Quaker reading. Two original stairs lead up to the upper story, formerly a gallery that overlooked the lower rooms. Much of the original work, including the bare ceiling, remains. The northeast wing contains a kitchen and two bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>The carriage house is located to the east of the meeting house. It is a five-bay open-front structure, built of pegged and hewn timber framing with vertical siding. The structure is an early five-bay, open-front shed with pegged and hewn framing and vertical siding. The building is thirty-two feet east of the Meeting House, with the front of the open bays aligned with the back (or south) wall of the Meeting House. One of the bays has been enclosed for storage. The simple heart of this magnificent structure remains unmodified: massive posts and beams held together by hand-hewn pins. Along several of the supporting timbers, and on the far (east) wall, one can see evidence of restless horses’ gnawing on the wood. One may also see some century-old mischief, as children&#39;s pen-knives have left such marks as “GTC: 1877.”</p><br>
<p>The cemetery, located to the northwest of the meeting house, contains graves dating to 1799. Not all of the 771 entombed are Quakers, as the cemetery was not restricted to congregants and it was the only one in Cornwall at the time. Early tombstones are of sandstone, with later markers of marble, reflecting changing trends in the 19th century. Funerary art is absent from graves of Quakers, per the faith&#39;s preference for simplicity, and minimal on non-Quaker resting places. The only exceptions are three 19th century headstones in the Quaker section with carvings of flowers, all the graves of children, and some early 20th century granite stones. The Cemetery is an active part of the Cornwall Monthly Meeting, the operation of which is overseen by the Cemetery Committee of the Meeting. Interments continue to take place, both of Quakers and others to whom the site holds a special claim.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cornwalls Quaker meeting originated with David Sands-Ring, the American-born son of a Presbyterian family that had settled in the area, after a stop in Sands Point, Long Island, following the seizure of its English landholdings by the Crown for religious reasons. At the age of 14, in 1759, the spiritually curious boy found himself drawn to the local Quaker population, whose religious thinking was close to his own. Along with Edward Hallock, another displaced Long Islander from the nearby hamlet of New Marlborough (todays Marlboro), he began attending meetings at the Nine Partners Meeting House across the river. He was admitted to that meeting upon attaining adulthood and married Hallock&#39;s daughter. Eventually Sands-Ring converted his entire family to his new faith.</p><br>
<p>Others in the area soon followed them, and in 1773 the Nine Partners meeting allowed Hallock and Sands-Ring to hold their own meetings, alternating between the two locations. The congregations continued to grow and three years later, in 1776, the Cornwall and New Marlborough meetings became separate "preparative meetings", their business still subject to Nine Partners approval. The Revolutionary War displaced more Long Island Quakers to Cornwall, and in 1788 it became a self-governing meeting. The next year a 10-acre (4 ha) parcel was deeded to the meeting for its house, as the Sands-Rings could no longer host the growing congregation.</p><br>
<p>Meeting members directed the construction of the house in 1790, the first religious building in Cornwall. Its exterior reflects contemporary trends in vernacular residential architecture; the interior arrangements were dictated by religious requirements. The Cornwall Meeting gave rise to preparative meetings of its own in the area, including Smith Clove, and Cornwall became its own Quarterly Meeting in 1816, ending its last tie with Nine Partners.</p><br>
<p>The Cornwall Quaker community was almost 500 strong, including most of Cornwalls prominent families, in 1825, when it along with the entire American Society of Friends was torn by the schism resulting from the influence of Elias Hicks. He represented mainstream Quakers who kept to the Societys traditional forms of worship, while those who disagreed with him, the Orthodox Quakers, had moved toward practices typical of mainstream Protestantism, such as worshipping in churches under the direction of ministers. Hicks&#39; supporters formed a majority of the Cornwall meeting, and the Orthodox, including the Sands family, left and built their own meeting house around 1829.</p><br>
<p>Over the rest of the 19th century the Quakers assimilated more into mainstream culture. The renovations made to the Cornwall meeting house reflect this trend, with not only new clapboard going on but the porch replacing what had been separate entrance lobbies for men and women. In the 1920s the north wing, with its kitchen facility, was added and in the 1950s the building was equipped with electrical and plumbing service. The original design of the Meeting Room featured a gallery above the main floor that occupied the front and two sides of the upper floor. However, after a fire in 1978 a ceiling was constructed over the Meeting Room. With the exception of this ceiling, the carpeting, the cushions on the benches and the paint on the walls, the Meeting Room itself is unchanged from the day it was built in 1790.</p><br>
<p>The doors on the extreme corners of the porch lead upstairs. The rare, slender stair rails, supported by square balusters, are distinctive from the late 1700s. The rail ends in a pronounced upturn. Along the walls may be seen New England–style tapered posts supporting the ceiling. These are called “gunstock” posts, due to their shape. The rough-hewn beams, over 200 years old, are visible from this room, as well as the original wood surrounding the windows.</p><br>
<p>The United Charities Building, also known as United Charities Building Complex, is at 105 East 22nd Street or 287 Park Avenue South, in the Gramercy Park neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, near the border of the Flatiron District. It was built in 1893 by John Stewart Kennedy, a wealthy banker, for the Charity Organization Society. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991 for the role the Charity Organization Society played in promoting progressive social welfare policies, including the development of academic disciplines in that area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Charity Organization Society was something like a "Charity Trust", in that it represented the combined resources of many Protestant charities, including more than a thousand prominent families and over 500 churches and societies. The United Charities Building also housed others of Kennedys favorite charities, including the Charity Organization Society, Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, the Childrens Aid Society, and the New York Mission and Tract Society, providing them with a low cost location for their operations. Other charities were allowed to rent space at below market rates. In 1891, the New York City Consumers&#39; League, founded by Josephine Shaw Lowell, Helen Campbell &ndash; author of the 1882 book The Problem of the Poor &ndash; and Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi, established its offices in the building.</p><br>
<p>R. H. Robertson, who designed the building, assisted by the firm of Rowe & Baker, was selected by Kennedy as the architect because of his extensive experience with charitable buildings, including the YWCA on East 15th Street. James Baker, Robertson&#39;s nephew, may have worked on some of the original exterior, but did do the later additions to the building in 1897, when the original mansard roof was removed and three stories were added to the original seven, and in 1915, when a four-story addition at 111 East 22nd was constructed.</p><br>
<p>Although the main building still houses some charitable organizations, such as the Community Service Society, today it is used for multiple purposes. The northern part of the main building, which had been partitioned from the rest and renamed the Kennedy Building, is now apartments, while the 22nd Street extension became the headquarters for the Dockworkers Union in 1946. The union sold the building in the 1980s and it was converted for commercial use. In the 1980s television show Mickey Spillanes Mike Hammer, the fictitious private detective&#39;s office was located on the second floor at the corner of Park Avenue and 22nd Street.</p><br>
<p>Hawksmoor, a British steakhouse and cocktail bar, leased space at the United Charities Building in 2018 and moved there in late 2021.</p><br>
<p>The complex was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991, and is part of a proposed extension to the Gramercy Park Historic District. However, architecturally the building is described in the AIA Guide to New York City as "bulky and boring", with the comment that "even Robertson could occasionally produce a bland product." The building sits across 22nd Street from the headquarters of the Federation of Protestant Welfare Agencies, which was built in 1892.</p><br>
<p>Cromwell Manor, also known as the David Cromwell House and Joseph Sutherland House, is located on Angola Road in Cornwall, New York, United States, just south of its intersection with US 9W. It consists of four properties, two of which are of note: the 1820 manor house, built in a Greek Revival style and added onto in 1840 and a 1779 cottage known as The Chimneys, the original home on the site.</p><br>
<p>When built, it was one of the first large houses in rural Cornwall built as a luxury home rather than a farmhouse, and one of the few Greek Revival buildings built of brick in the town. After over a century as a Cromwell family home, it was sold and became a teachers&#39; retreat. As of 2022, it is being operated as the Cromwell Manor Historic Inn, with both properties available to guests. In 1996 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>There are four contributing properties on the seven-acre (3 ha) lot: the main house, The Chimneys, another guest house and a privy. A well and garage are not considered contributing since they date only to the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The main house is a brick two-story, five-bay brick structure with a full front portico supported by six large square columns, sitting at the top of a low rise, looking out toward the east on the mountains of Black Rock Forest in the Hudson Highlands. The roof is flat, with a cornice and plain frieze at the roofline and four chimneys at each corner. A two-story rectangular wing connects to the north end, and a screened porch runs the length of the west (rear) elevation.</p><br>
<p>On both front and rear the windows have sandstone sills and lintels. The main entrance is a paneled, glazed wood door with molded surround and sidelights. It is flanked by plain pilasters that support a molded entablature that reaches to the second story.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the house follows a center hall plan. Many of its original features remain intact, including molded ceilings and architraves and marble mantels. Sliding pocket doors divide the parlors.</p><br>
<p>The Chimneys, also the Joseph Sutherland House, is a shingle-sided frame cottage on a stone foundation. It consists of two blocks, a main one-and-a-half-story section three bays wide with a one-story, two-bay addition on the south. Its interior has been extensively renovated since its construction but the Dutch door, wide board flooring and mantel remain. A non-contributing well is located in front of the cottage.</p><br>
<p>The guest house, a frame gable-roofed structure, is located to the west. The frame privy is to the southwest. The modern garage is northeast.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Sutherland family, one of Cornwalls oldest, bought most of the property todays Angola Road runs through in the 18th century (The houses of Daniel and David are to the northeast, closer to downtown along the road). Joseph Sutherland built the small cottage around 1779, where he operated a tavern. He also worked as a shoemaker on the side.</p><br>
<p>David Cromwell, a local merchant and gentleman farmer, by some accounts a descendant of Oliver Cromwell, who overthrew the British crown in the mid-17th century, bought the property from the Sutherland family in 1830. He lived in the Sutherland house until the manor was complete around 1835. This larger house was a departure in style and purpose from those that had been built in rural Cornwall until then, a style serving those who did not derive most of their income from the surrounding farm. Cromwell&#39;s further distinguished itself by using brick.</p><br>
<p>The guest house was added in 1840 and the privy 50 years later, around 1890. Cromwell Manor remained in the family until 1941, when Emily Cromwell sold it to the Association of Retired Teachers of the City of New York (a venerable organization, also known as A.R.T., founded in 1919). A.R.T. used it as a retreat for its members, retired New York City teachers, until selling it to its present owners in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Proffit Historic District is a national historic district located at Proffit, Albemarle County, Virginia. It encompasses 26 contributing buildings and 3 contributing sites in the historic center of Proffit. Notable buildings and sites includes Evergreen Baptist Church, the Proffit Station Master&#39;s House, remains of the first Proffit Post Office, the Proffit Road Bridge, and several houses built by African-American families as far back as the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Proffit&#39;s history dates back to the 1870s when two former slaves, John Coles and Benjamin Brown, purchased some land from former slaveholder W.G. Carr. In 1876 Ned Brown purchased seventy-five acres in the area as well. Its settlement began and the community thrived.</p><br>
<p>Proffit is noted as one of the few African American communities in Albemarle County to survive after the American Civil War. Today it is a quiet residential area whose backbone is the Evergreen Baptist Church. The Church was built in 1891 by its first pastor, Reverend D.L. Gofney, and continues to be significantly involved in this historic community today.</p><br>
<p>The historic district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Sorlie Memorial Bridge, also known as the Red River Bridge, was constructed in 1929 by the Minneapolis Bridge Company to connect the cities of Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Sorlie Memorial Bridge replaced a swing bridge on the same site that was built in 1889. It is a Parker through truss bridge with two truss spans and rides on rails to accommodate the ever-changing banks of the Red River of the North. The Sorlie Memorial Bridge was named for North Dakota&#39;s 14th governor, Arthur G. Sorlie. Plaques on either end identify Sorlie as "a true friend of better roads and bridges." At the time, the bridge was the only vehicular crossing in the area, and was important for carrying USA Route 2, a transcontinental route. It is the oldest documented Parker truss design in the state, and its two spans of 283 ft are the longest riveted Parker through trusses in the state. and</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Mark Hufstetler., National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Submission. National Park Service, December 10, 1996</p><br>
<p>The Hancock House is an historic structure in Ticonderoga, New York. It is a replica of the Hancock Manor on Boston&#39;s Beacon Hill that was the residence of Thomas Hancock, the uncle of Founding Father John Hancock.</p><br>
<p>The Hancock House was built by philanthropist Horace A. Moses for the New York State Historical Association as a repository for "American Traditions in History and the Fine Arts;" the Association used it as its "Headquarters House" until after World War II. It was built in 1925–1926, and is a -story, five bay by three bay, Georgian Revival style granite building. It has a slate covered gambrel roof and full basement.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Born in Ticonderoga, Horace Augustus Moses became wealthy building and acquiring a number of paper mills that he combined to form the Strathmore Paper Company. As his wealth grew, he made a series of substantial donations to many Ticonderoga projects, among which were the Valley View Cemetery Chapel, the Liberty Monument, the Moses-Ludington Hospital, the Community Building, and the Hancock House; with the last of these, he accomplished an early lifetime ambition—to establish a museum with a library that would make Ticonderoga a focal point for public interest in the region&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Hancock House Museum and Research Library was established in 1926. The Ticonderoga Historical Society today manages the building as a regional museum and reference library. There are exhibits throughout the Hancock House. The library houses a large collection of regional material on civic, social and economic matters and has one of the largest collections of genealogical resource materials in the region.</p><br>
<p>The house was built of Weymouth granite, the same stone as the original, from drawings made by John Sturgis before the original house was destroyed; the Hancock Manor House was demolished in 1863 to make room for two stately double brownstones. The main hall and stairway and the two rooms to the right of the hall are exact duplicates of those in the original house.</p><br>
<h2>Research</h2><br>
<p>Ticonderoga history is emphasized in the collection of photographs, manuscripts, artifacts, and books kept in the museum. The museum has genealogical and local history information, from census information to obituaries to complete newspapers. The library comprises seven thousand volumes principally on New York State history, with an emphasis on material on the Lake Champlain, Lake George and Adirondack sections. Materials include:</p><br>
<p>Ticonderoga Sentinel newspaper editions, dated from 1874 to Oct 1982 (on microfilm)</p><br>
<p>Vermont Census 1790–1820 (on microfilm)</p><br>
<p>Essex County Census 1830–1880 (on microfilm)</p><br>
<p>New York State Federal Census 1790–1820 (on microfilm)</p><br>
<p>Vermont Vital Records 1760–1870 (on microfilm)</p><br>
<p>The 1925 Census data for Clinton County, New York</p><br>
<p>Cemetery records for Ticonderoga, Crown Point & Schroon Lake</p><br>
<p>An inventory of the Burt Garfield Loescher Paper, 1940–2002. "Robert Rogers&#39; and the French and Indian War"</p><br>
<p>The Hancock House, also known as the "Alpha House," is a historic home located at Bluefield in Mercer County, West Virginia, United States. It was built in 1907 and is a large, 2½-story frame dwelling in the American Foursquare style. It features a massive, very deep porch encircling the house on the front and side elevations and a porte cochere. The house was purchased by the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity of Bluefield State College in 1962.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>South Bushwick Reformed Church, also known as the "White Church", is a historic Dutch Reformed church in Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York. The complex consists of the church and attached Sunday School building. The church was organized in 1851 by members of the Bushwick Reformed Church that dates back to 1654. Himrod St. was named after South Bushwick&#39;s first pastor. The church is a two-story frame, clapboard-sided building finished in 1853. Its design combines Greek Revival and Gibbsian classical styles. The Greek Revival entrance portico features two giant fluted Ionic order columns. Above the entrance portico is the tower with a square base and octagonal lantern and spire.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Samuel Merrill Woodbridge (1819–1905), a Reformed pastor, and later author and theology professor, served this congregation from 1841 to 1849 after receiving his degree from New Brunswick Theological Seminary.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as the South Bushwick Reformed Protestant Dutch Church Complex.</p><br>
<p>The Mountainville Grange Hall is located on NY 32 just south of the hamlet of Mountainville in the town of Cornwall, Orange County, New York, United States. Built in 1904, the National Grange sold it in 1984 to the Jerusalem Temple Lodge No. 721, a local Masonic body of the Grand Lodge of New York, and it was renamed the Cornwall Masonic Temple.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In Mountainville, the Grange chapter was founded just before Christmas 1902. The hall was built two years later, and continued to be used as both a meeting place for the members and informal community center until the 1960s, when Grange membership declined steeply. It was home to an antique store during the 1970s, and was restored to its original function as a fraternal hall in 1984 when Jerusalem Temple Lodge bought it.</p><br>
<p>After being sold to the Masons, they made some renovations, such as improving the kitchen and meeting spaces, but the original character of the building was generally been preserved. At some point in the later 20th century, aluminum siding was installed on the first story, over the original clapboard. There have been no other modifications to the building.</p><br>
<p>On June 3, 1996 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Jerusalem Temple Lodge and its appendant Order of the Eastern Star chapter used the building until around 2009, after which time it became a daycare center.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>It is a two-story three-by-six-bay frame building on a stone foundation, sided in white clapboard covered with aluminum on the first story and green wood shingles on the second. The gabled roof is itself shingled in asphalt, pierced by a brick chimney near the west rear end.</p><br>
<p>A sunburst-patterned vent is in the middle of the attic level on the eastern front facade. The center bay at the first story projects slightly to accommodate the main entrance, two paneled and recessed wooden doors in a plain frame. A porch extends across the first story, with a flat roof supported by four rectangular Doric columns connected by a balustrade. The porch roofline has a plain cornice and frieze with "Mountainville Grange 946 P of H" written on it. It was later covered with a wooden sign saying "Cornwall Masonic Temple".</p><br>
<p>Inside the building follows a common Grange hall plan: dining room and kitchen on the first floor, meeting room and stage on the second. This and its furnishings and trim are unaltered.</p><br>
<p>Alfred Street Baptist Church&#39;s is a Baptist church in Alexandria, Virginia, United States. It is affiliated with the National Baptist Convention, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1806, the colored members of the church Alexandria Baptist Society established the Colored Baptist Society which would eventually become First African Baptist Church of Alexandria, Virginia. The church welcomed its first black pastor when Reverend Sampson White was called to lead the recently independent congregation. White had previously served as the founding pastor of Nineteenth Street Baptist Church of Washington, D.C. and Abyssinian Baptist Church of New York City. He would be followed by Reverend Samuel Madden in 1863.</p><br>
<p>Architectural improvements were implemented in the 1880s and in 1994, when a new sanctuary was built. The exterior of the building was preserved, but the interior was greatly improved. Alfred Street Baptist Church is located at 301 South Alfred Street in Alexandria, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Beliefs</h2><br>
<p>The Church has a Baptist confession of faith and is a member of the National Baptist Convention, USA.</p><br>
<p>Beulah Baptist Church is a predominantly Black Baptist Church at 320 S. Washington Street in Old Town Alexandria, Virginia. The historic building is a two-story brick structure with a gable roof and large stained glass window. Built in 1863, it was sandwiched between the two Black neighborhoods The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Beulah was the first of ten Black churches established in Alexandria following the towns occupation by Union troops in 1861. The churchs first pastor, Rev. Clem Robinson, had established "The First Select Colored School" in 1861 for Contraband refugees arriving in Alexandria. The following year Robinson, together with Dye Carter, selected a parcel on South Washington Street to build their new church, and Carter oversaw construction of the building. The contraband school soon moved to that location and continued operating after the war. Today Beulah Baptist Church remains a vibrant church community in Alexandria Old Town, continuing to worship in their historic building on S. Washington St.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rev. Clem Robinson had been born in Brunswick County, Virginia, but moved to Pennsylvania where he received both a collegiate and religious education at Ashmun Institute (now Lincoln University) and began a teaching career. It had been against the law in Virginia since the 1830s to educate Black Americans, both enslaved and free. It was also forbidden for educated African Americans to come into the state. It was not until Alexandrias occupation by Federal troops at the start of the Civil War in May 1861, that Robinson felt it was safe to return to Virginia. At that time Alexandria was being overwhelmed with contraband refugees fleeing slavery in the Confederacy.</p><br>
<p>With support from the American Baptist Free Mission Society of New York and the (Northern) American Baptist Home Mission Society, Rev. Robinson and his wife came to Alexandria and worked with Rev. George Washington Parker and Miss Amanda Borden to found several schools for contraband refugees. One of these, "," served over 700 students in its first year. Other schools which they founded included a night school for adults and a "Normal and Theological Institute" for those with some education. These schools preceded the federal schools, set up by the Freedman&#39;s Bureau, by many months.</p><br>
<p>In the early days, Rev. Robinson taught upper-level students at the "Beulah Normal and Theological Institute" with the aim of educating future teachers and preachers for the Black community. Classes met at the church and had over 80 students in the first few years, both men and women. The school placed over 30 missionaries and educators into the field. Robinson and Parker also assisted the efforts of other pioneers for Black education in Alexandria, including Harriet Jacobs and Julia Wilbur. Robinson&#39;s school remained in place until 1870, when Alexandria opened its public school system.</p><br>
<p>In addition to its role in educating recently freed African Americans, Beulah Baptist provided a supportive environment as the contraband refugees adjusted to their new life in freedom with shelter, work, and clothing.</p><br>
<p>As the Civil War continued, the church building was used as a hospital to care for the wounded in this city on the front lines of the war. And when the federal government confiscated all lands within the Confederate states (including Virginia), Beulah Baptist saw both its property and its new church building seized and returned to the previous owner. In 1877 Rev. Robinson and the officers were able to repurchase the property for their congregation.</p><br>
<p>Reverend Clem Robinson served for twelve years, his pastorate was ended in 1875. From 1875 to 2017, twelve other men would take the helm as pastor of the Beulah Baptist Church. The longest-tenured pastor of the church has been Rev. Dr. Columbus Watson who ushered the church into the 21st century and served at Beulah Baptist for 58 years (56 years as Pastor) until his retirement on September 30, 2017. Beulah Baptist is currently pastored by Rev..</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1863, Beulah Baptist Church is a front gable-roofed, freestanding brick structure located on South Washington Street, a main thoroughfare in the city. It is one of several significant historic churches on adjacent blocks. The two-story structure&#39;s most distinctive features include a large stained-glass window centered on the front facade, large flanking recessed brick panels, and two small decorative brick pinnacles at each corner of the facade.</p><br>
<p>According to church history, the addition to the rear of the church was built between 1920 and 1923. Further improvements were undertaken in the following decades. The back of the church was rebuilt and the first electric lighting system was installed. A Hook and Hastings pipe organ, which had been given to Beulah by just up the street, was installed. This organ is still at the church today.</p><br>
<p>In 1949 the wall on the north side of the church was damaged, however while in the midst of repairing it the south wall fell. Having to move out for repairs, worship services were initially held at the Elk&#39;s Home and later at the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Other church programs were held at the First Baptist Church and Third Baptist Church until the basement of the church was reopened in September 1950. The sanctuary was completed in November 1950 and a "Rebuilding Stone" was laid. These repairs are still clearly visible in the different brick colors on the exterior side walls of the church.</p><br>
<p>Bruins Slave Jail is a two-story brick building in Alexandria, Virginia, from which slave trader Joseph Bruin imprisoned slaves. Bruins company, called Bruin and Hill, transported enslaved Americans of African descent to slave markets in the Southern United States. At the start of the American Civil War, Bruin was captured and imprisoned in Washington, D.C. His property, including the slave jail, was confiscated by USA Marshals and used as the Fairfax County Courthouse until 1865. All that remains today of the entire compound is a two-story brick structure that housed the enslaved people. Bruin&#39;s home, kitchen, and wash-house no longer remain.</p><br>
<p>Carlyle House is a historic mansion in Alexandria, Virginia, United States, built by Scottish merchant John Carlyle from 1751 to 1752 in the Georgian style.</p><br>
<p>It is situated in the citys Old Town at 121 North Fairfax Street between Cameron and King Street. To the west, the Gadsbys Tavern is found one block away and Christ Church is three blocks away. To the south, the Stabler-Leadbeater Apothecary Shop is located three blocks away. To the east, Torpedo Factory Art Center and the Alexandria Archaeology Museum are located two blocks away.</p><br>
<p>The house, which is architecturally unique as the only stone 18th-century Palladian Revival-style residence in Alexandria, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 and was restored in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Carlyle began the construction of his house in 1751, using indentured and slave labor. Carlyle house has two sets of stairs: The main stairs (wider) are located in the center of the house, they communicate the first floor with the second floor. The servant stairs (narrow) are located in the right side of the house and connect from the ground floor with the first and second floors.</p><br>
<p>The house has two chimneys made of stone, they are the lungs of the house. The heat was obtained from the burning of charcoal and wood in the fireplaces; the heat ascended from the ground fireplaces to the fireplaces in the first and second floor, releasing the smoke to the exterior of the house and exchanging it with fresh air in the top of the chimney.</p><br>
<p>The doors were 6 foot 2 inches to keep in more heat during winter time when the door were open. The nails used to construct the house were handmade by a blacksmith.</p><br>
<p>The house had space for entertaining, private, family, and servant use. The house has 3 closets, two in the main chamber, possibly to keep dishes locked up, and were used by servants after asking the lady of the house the menu for the day and the correct dishes to use for serving. A third closet is located in the music room. John Carlyle also built several outbuildings for both household and business needs.</p><br>
<p>Carlyle or someone associated with the houses construction is believed to have sealed the body of a cat within the houses foundation for good luck, a custom that was prevalent in the British Isles and northern Europe.</p><br>
<h3>Style</h3><br>
<p>The home was built in stone in a mid-Georgian style, therefore has the following characteristics:</p><br>
<p>It is symmetrical and balanced with halls in the center of each story, while the left and right side are copies of the other one from top to bottom; The right and the left side has two windows, and two chimneys, one on each side of the house.</p><br>
<p>It has simple and bold details around the building and doors.</p><br>
<p>The front door has an arched shape with bold molding and a bold keystone.</p><br>
<p>It has quoins at the corner of the building.</p><br>
<p>The house has a hipped roof, specifically a bonnet roof, also called reversed gambrel.</p><br>
<h2>Stories</h2><br>
<p>The house is composed of a ground floor and two main floors. The halls are located in first and second floor, at the center of the house.</p><br>
<h3>Ground floor</h3><br>
<p>The kitchen, the servant stairs, and the cellars are located on the right side of the ground floor or basement. The spinning room is located on the left side of the ground floor. It has a back door that connects to the gardens.</p><br>
<h3>First story</h3><br>
<p>The first floor contains dates addedhe main or front door that separates the yard from the main hall, which is located in the center of the house. The main stairs are located at the back area of the hall, which also has a back door that communicates with the magnolia terrace, the back yard and the garden of the house. The left side of the floor is the more public side of the floor, in which the music room and the dining room are located. The right side of the floor (when seen from the front of the house) is the more private side of the house, in it is located the main chamber (John Carlyles bedroom), and in front of it, John Carlyles studio and the servants&#39; stairs.</p><br>
<p>The visitors that came through the front door were received by a servant (Moses) at the main hall. During celebrations the hall was used as a dance hall, currently, it displays a copy of the Fry-Jefferson map, painted by Peter Jefferson (Thomas Jefferson&#39;s father) and Joshua Fry on its wall.</p><br>
<p>The music room is located beside the main entrance, in this room Sarah Carlyle Fairfax (Sally) practiced the spinet songs that she and her mother learned when they received music lessons at Mount Vernon (George Washingtons house and plantation). The portrait of Johns brother, George Carlyle, is located in this room. The color of the wallpaper is green. It has a fireplace.</p><br>
<p>The dining room is located next to the music room. It is preserved in its original form and looks as it would have appeared in the 1750s, as there were not many modifications in this area. The color of the wallpaper is blue, the details of the wood were handmade and the color of the walls and room were used to welcome and impress their guests. It also has a fireplace to warm up the room in winter. The portrait of William Carlyle (John Carlyle&#39;s father) is located in this room.</p><br>
<p>The main chamber was located on the right side of the house, beside the main door. It belonged at the time to John Carlyle and his wife Sarah Fairfax. The two windows in the bedroom faced the front of the street. It has a portrait of his mother, Rachel Murray Carlyle (painted when she was in her twenties), which was located in front of their bed and above the fireplace. A replica of Sarah Carlyle&#39;s wedding dress is exhibited in the room, a close-bodied gown with a petticoat (it used a mechanism to fold it when passing through narrow doors). The wooden floor in front of the fireplace of the bedroom has visible burn marks resulting from the explosions of the air trapped in the charcoal and wood resins: at the time the fire screen had not yet been invented. It is possible that the two lockers in the bedroom were used to lock up their cloth and or their dishes.</p><br>
<p>In front of the main chamber are John Carlyle&#39;s studio and the servant stairs that communicate with the ground and second floors.</p><br>
<p>John Carlyle&#39;s studio is located in front of his room. It contains his desk, a divan and a copy of the John Carlyle portrait that was sent to his brother. In the portrait his hand is painted inside his waistcoat, this represents a painting technique that started in 1750 called hand-in-waistcoat. The style was used to indicate leadership in a calm and firm manner, and at the same time, it was easier to paint. The room was also used as a dinner table for the family to spare the main dining room. The floor was made of silk and it had rhomboid patterns. At the time, ships arriving to the dock could be seen through the studio windows. The room also contains a fireplace.</p><br>
<h3>Second story</h3><br>
<p>John Carlyles childrens bedrooms were located on the second floor. The second-floor hall is located at the center of the house and above the main floor hall and is accessible to the first floor both through the main stairs and through the servant stairs.</p><br>
<p>In the hall many books are displayed, among them an 8th edition of The Gardeners Dictionary by Philip Miller (1768), the 16th edition of The Gardeners Kalendar, also by Philip Miller, aRivernd Volumes II and III of The Poets of Great Britain by John Bell that collect the works of Alexander Pope.</p><br>
<p>George William Carlyle&#39;s room was located on the left side of the floor.</p><br>
<p>Sarah Carlyle Fairfax and Anne Carlyles room was located in front of their brothers. In this bedroom, there is a copy of Sarah Carlyle Fairfax&#39;s wedding dress on display. It is probable that Penelope (Penny) took care of Sally and Anne and slept with them during wintertime to share body heat, or slept in front of their bed or in the aisle between the bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>On the right side of the second floor is located a room showing the way the house was originally constructed, which also has a fireplace. In front of it are located the servant stairs and another room.</p><br>
<h3>Front yard</h3><br>
<p>At the time a regulation stipulated that no house would use a front yard to maximize the use of space. To solve the obstacle Carlyle bought 2 lots, lot 41 and lot 42, and it became the only house with a wide front yard in the area. At the time, Carlyle was a member of the board of trustees that regulated the use of the land in the city.</p><br>
<h3>Back yard</h3><br>
<p>In the 1700s the backyard was located in front of the river, but during the following decades the land was expanded filling the area with old boats and other materials, today is located in front of N. Lee Street and at two blocks of distance from the Potomac river.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Washington, a native Virginian who studied mathematics, trigonometry, and land surveying in Lower Church, prepared two maps of what later became the city of Alexandria. The first map was the "Plat of the Land" drawn in 1748: it was a copy of a prior map.</p><br>
<p>When the lots for the new town of Alexandria were auctioned in July 1749, John Carlyle purchased the lots 41 and 42, situated between the Potomac River and the town&#39;s market square, ideal for his merchant business.</p><br>
<h3>Congress of Alexandria</h3><br>
<p>King George II sent Edward Braddock with two regiments of British regulars (2500 troops) to America to fight in the French and Indian War that started in 1754, they arrived on 20 February 1755 in Hampton, in the colony of Virginia. In April 1755 they came to Carlyle house, and it became the initial headquarters for Major-General Edward Braddock in the Colony of Virginia. On April 15, 1755, was held the Congress of Alexandria in which Braddock met with five colonial governors, Horatio Sharpe (Marylands governor ), Robert Dinwiddie (Virginias governor), James De Lancey (New Yorks governor), William Shirley (Massachusetts governor), and Robert Hunter Morris (Pennsylvania&#39;s governor).</p><br>
<p>They convened in the dining room of the house and here Braddock first suggested the idea of levying additional new taxes on the colonists to help with the cost of the war, and also decided to make an expedition to Fort Duquesne during the French and Indian War. George Washington, who was appointed as major in the provincial militia in February 1753 by Robert Dinwiddie (Virginias Royal Governor), urged Braddock not to undertake the expedition and became a volunteer aide-de-camp to Braddock. Nevertheless, Braddock decided to undertake the expedition, resulting in the death or injury of two-thirds of Braddocks troops and also in Braddock&#39;s own death.</p><br>
<h3>Slavery</h3><br>
<p>Carlyle was a slaveholder for much of his life, and derived much of his personal fortune from both slavery and the Atlantic slave trade. He utilised them as forced labour in both his household and his multiple business ventures. As with many other slave owners of the period, Carlyle held a paternalistic approach towards his slaves, and considered them primarily as parts of his assets. He was also "active in importing, buying, selling and owning slaves", which was a common activity at that time.</p><br>
<p>Many of Carlyle&#39;s slaves lived and worked in his properties; in the Carlyle House, in a foundry located on the same lot as the house and on his three slave plantations. When Carlyle died in 1780, there were nine slaves living at the Carlyle House: Moses, Nanny, Jerry, Joe, Cate, Sibreia, Cook, Charles and Penny. In the colonial era, as many as twenty-five slaves might have lived and worked within its walls and in the various outbuildings, and the jobs they could have done included being a blacksmith, chef, nanny or domestic worker. Slaves in Alexandria were able to learn new skills and jobs and live a community with free African Americans, this allowed them to run away from slavery and got freedom and live with their friends in nearby towns.</p><br>
<h3>American Revolution</h3><br>
<p>The ideological and political revolution in British America that started in 1765 originated with tax imposition by the British Parliament, a body in which American colonists had no direct representation, which was seen as a violation of their rights as Englishmen. This led to the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War that started on April 19, 1775, and ended on September 3, 1783.</p><br>
<p>John Carlyle died in 1780, during the time of the Revolutionary War. His son, George William Carlyle, inherited the house in 1780, but died in combat at the Battle of Eutaw Springs in South Carolina one year later.</p><br>
<p>John Carlyle Herbert inherited the Carlyle House in 1781. The house passed from the familys possession by 1827 when Sarah Carlyle died. John Carlyle Herbert sold it to pay off an uncles gambling debt, while he had moved to Maryland in the first decade of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>A wealthy Alexandria merchant, John Lloyd, owned extensive tracts of real estate both in and outside of town, nd ended up acquiring possession of the Carlyle House. Not successful in selling the property, Lloyd offered the structure as a possible site for the new city and county courthouse to be constructed in Alexandria in 1838. This proposal was rejected and Lloyd continued to lease the premises to a number of renters until it was sold in 1848 to James Green, the owner of Green and Brother Furniture Factory, a noted Alexandria furniture manufacturer.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>By 1860 Carlyle House owner James Green completed many major renovations to the Carlyle House. He also created a hotel in front of the house known as the Mansion House Hotel, which was known as one of the best hotels on the East Coast. With the building of the hotel fronting Fairfax Street, the Carlyle House was no longer visible from the street.</p><br>
<p>At the onset of the Civil War, Union troops occupied the city of Alexandria, including the Mansion House Hotel, in November 1860 Green received notice to vacate in December since the Mansion Hotel was going to be confiscated. The troops converted it to a hospital for Union soldiers, after the Battle of Bull Run. It could treat more than 700 wound soldiers, and nurses were mostly female, but at the time there were not many female medical doctors in the country.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, this house and the city of Alexandria itself, that once used slave force, became one of the principal centers that supported the fight against slavery and hold a key role in the abolition of slavery in the United States in the 19th century.</p><br>
<h3>World War I and World War II</h3><br>
<p>During World War I the house became a museum, and was located two blocks from the USA Naval Torpedo Station in Alexandria. By the mid-twentieth century the building was in a state of great disrepair due to a lack of proper er maintenance.</p><br>
<h2>House owners</h2><br>
<p>In 1749 half-acre (lots 41 and 42) were auctioned in Alexandria, Virginia, John Carlyle bought them and completed the house in 1753, he was the owner until 1780, when he was killed during American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>John Carlyles son, George William Carlyle, became the owner of the house in 1780 after his fathers death, but he died the following year in the Battle of Eutaw Springs during the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>In 1781 John Carlyle Herbert (John Carlyles grandson) inherited Carlyle House in 1781, since his mother Sarah Carlyle Fairfax (John Carlyles daughter) was a woman, and women were not allowed to own land in the United States at the time (until it was allowed by law in 1839). She died in 1827, and the house was sold to John Lloyd in 1827 by John Carlyle Herbert to pay off one of his uncle&#39;s gambling debt.</p><br>
<p>John Lloyd rented the area until it was sold in 1848 to James Green and part of the area became the Green Hotel for a decade until it was confiscated for a year by the Union and was converted into a Hospital during the Civil War in the United States, in 1965 it was returned to James Green, it became an apartment building in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1865 the hotel was returned to the Green family. After Green&#39;s death in 1880, the hotel and the Carlyle House along with it, changed hands frequently and was acquired by new proprietors and renamed as Braddock House. It was not until 1906, when the buildings were bought by Earnest Wagar, that a major restoration of the house as a historic site was commenced.</p><br>
<p>NOVA Parks acquired the house and apartments in 1970 and fully restored the house in 1976 as part of United States Bicentennial celebration.</p><br>
<h2>Carlyle House Historic Park</h2><br>
<p>Carlyle House was renamed to Carlyle House Historic Park and is owned, protected, and operated by the NOVA Parks Agency of Northern Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The park was created by the demolition of two-thirds of the dilapidated Mansion House Hospital (1840, expanded 1855) that was located in front of the house, leaving behind the original Bank of Alexandria building (1807), still extant at 133 North Fairfax Street.</p><br>
<h3>Carlyle House restoration</h3><br>
<p>In 1969, the decision was made by the Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority to acquire and restore the property as a public national historic site. A survey of the site and existing buildings was initiated in October, 1970. On July 17, 1970, the Authority acquired the Carlyle Apartments for $305,000. The house itself was purchased for $193,000 in 1971 and the remaining portion of the land for $210,000 the following year. Significant restoration work to the house was undertaken in the early and mid 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The house was planned to be turn down and reconstruct, but a technique to support the building was chosen instead to preserve all the details. The cat&#39;s remains were discovered during restoration work in the 1970s and the remains were put back in their original place in the basement of the house.</p><br>
<p>The restoration of the house and gardens was then directed by Beth R. Sundquist, project director, under the supervision of the Authority&#39;s executive director, William M. Lightsey.</p><br>
<p>The project involved tearing down the apartments (also known as the Braddock Hotel), once again exposing Carlyle House to North Fairfax Street, and then turning the mansion itself into an 18th-century museum. This meant not only rehabilitating the structure as authentically as possible, but also tracking down and purchasing original fixtures and furniture, where possible, or acquiring equivalent examples from the period. About a dozen pieces believed to have been in the house during the Carlyle family&#39;s occupancy were recovered by the time the house was opened to the public on January 23, 1976.</p><br>
<p>The park, which opened in January 1976, includes the 18th-century Carlyle House mansion and its gardens, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The "Grandest Congress" is a reenactment celebrating General Braddock&#39;s time at the house that takes place on April 15 of every year at the Carlyle House.</p><br>
<p>"Yoga on the Magnolia Terrace" are Yoga Classes hold at the Magnolia Terrace every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 6 P.M. starting in April and ending in October of each year.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>James Phinney Munroe edited and published in 1904 the book Adventures of an Army Nurse in Two Wars based on the diaries and correspondence of Mary Phinney von Olnhausen. The first part of the book talks about the lives of the people that worked in the Mansion House Hospital in Alexandria during the Civil War. The second part about her work also as a nurse in 1870 in the Franco-Prussian War.</p><br>
<p>Mercy Street (TV series) was a fictional medical drama based in the book Adventures of an Army Nurse in Two Wars and produced by PBS in 2016 and 2017, it had 2 seasons with 6 episodes in each one.</p><br>
<p>Paper & Stone: The hidden history of John Carlyle, is a 30-minute DVD-Documentary about the life, history and recent discoveries of the John Carlyle family. It was produced in 2005 by Robert Cole Films & The Carlyle House Historic Park. The DVD has also a 10 minutes video called "Don&#39;t get weary" that talks and is about the life of the slaves that worked in the house and in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin and Armfield Office, which houses the Freedom House Museum, is a historic commercial building in Alexandria, Virginia . Built c. 1810–1820, it was first used as a private residence before being converted to the offices of the largest slave trading firm in the United States, started in 1828 by Isaac Franklin and John Armfield. Another source, using ship manifests  in the National Archives, gives the number as "at least 5,000".</p><br>
<p>The 1315 Duke Street building is located just west of Alexandria&#39;s Old Town, on the north side of Duke Street between South West and South Payne streets. It is a three-story brick building, topped by a mansard roof and resting on a brick foundation. Its front facade is laid in Flemish bond, while the sides and rear are laid in common bond. It has Federal-period styling, with windows and the entrance door set in segmented, arch openings, with gabled dormers at the roof level.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, and has also been designated a Virginia Historic Landmark. The building was formerly owned by the Northern Virginia Urban League which operated it as a museum, with exhibits about the slave trading firm and the life of a slave.</p><br>
<p>The City of Alexandria purchased the building in March 2020 and reopened it as a museum in June 2022.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed as a residence in the 1810s by Robert Young, a brigadier general in the District of Columbia Militia. Due to financial reverses, Young was soon afterward forced to sell the house.</p><br>
<h3>Franklin & Armfield</h3><br>
<p>The building was purchased in 1828 by Isaac Franklin and his intimate friend and nephew-by-marriage John Armfield, who established it as their Washington-area office, and the residence of Armfield.</p><br>
<p>The property then extended further east, and they added structures for holding and trading in slaves. They also provided, for 25¢ a day, housing in their jail for slaveowners visiting Washington. The two-story extension to the rear of this house was part of the slave-holding facilities, which included high walls, and interior chambers that featured prison-like grated doors and windows.</p><br>
<p>The firm also commissioned three slave ships for use as packets. One of their ads describing these was reprinted in William I. Bowditch&#39;s Slavery and the Constitution (1849): "ALEXANDRIA AND NEW ORLEANS PACKETS. — Brig Tribune, Samuel C. Bush, master, will sail as above on the 1st January; brig Isaac Franklin, William Smith, master, on the 15th January; brig Uncas, Nathaniel Boush, master, on the 1st February. They will continue to leave this port on the 1st and 15th of each month, throughout the shipping season. Servants that are intended to be shipped will at any time be received for safe keeping at twenty-five cents a day. JOHN ARMFIELD, Alexandria."</p><br>
<p>Circa 1833–34, Franklin & Armfield had trading agents in at least five cities:</p><br>
<p>R. C. Ballard & Co., Richmond, Va.</p><br>
<p>J. M. Saunders & Co., Warrenton, Va.</p><br>
<p>George Kephart & Co., Fredericktown, Md.</p><br>
<p>James F. Purvis & Co., Baltimore</p><br>
<p>Thomas M. Jones, Easton, Eastern Shore, Md.</p><br>
<p>Other agents associated with Franklin & Armfield included:</p><br>
<p>John Ware, Port Tobacco, Md.</p><br>
<p>William Hooper, Annapolis, Maryland</p><br>
<p>A. Grimm, Fredericksburg, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Franklin left the business, starting in 1835, and Armfield sold the property to their former trading agent George Kephart in 1836.</p><br>
<p>Franklin and Armfield sold more enslaved people, separated more families, and made more money from the trade than almost anyone else in the United States. They amassed a fortune equalling billions in todays dollars (2021) and were two of the nations richest men. Franklin sold slaves from an office in Natchez, Mississippi, with branch offices in New Orleans, St. Francisville, and Vidalia, Louisiana. His nephew Armfield handled the supply, sending agents door-to-door in Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware looking for enslaved people their owners might like to sell, and arranging transportation.</p><br>
<p>Maryland and Virginia had surpluses of slaves and spoke of slaves as an export, like livestock. As portrayed in Uncle Tom&#39;s Cabin, there was a vast, internal forced migration of enslaved people from the Upper South to the Lower South, and Franklin and Armfield were central to that business. "In surviving correspondence, they actually brag about raping enslaved people who they’ve been processing through the firm."</p><br>
<h3>Price, Birch and Co.</h3><br>
<p>From 1858, the building was occupied by Price, Birch & Co. an American slave trading company founded in 1858 by George Kephart, William Birch, J. C. Cook, and Charles M. Price.</p><br>
<p>Price, Birch & Co. ceased business in 1861. Arriving at the Duke street office of the company on May 14, 1861, the Union Army discovered that "The firm had fled, and taken with them all but one of the humans that they sold as slaves — an old man, chained to the middle of the floor by the leg." A letter to the Liberator in 1862 stated, "It is now occupied as a Police Office, and occasionally as a prison for rebel soldiers. The dungeons on the ground floor, formerly used for refractory slaves, are horrible dens, without a chance for ventilation; they look like a row of gas retorts." Union forces had possession of the building until February 2, 1866, using it as a military prison. Late in the war, it was used as L&#39;Ouverture Hospital for black soldiers, and as housing for contrabands.</p><br>
<h3>Use after the Civil War</h3><br>
<p>After the war, the building&#39;s outlying slave pens, of which there are photographs, were torn down. The bricks may have been reused in the construction of the adjacent townhouses. After serving a variety of other uses, the main building is now used for Freedom House Museum, with exhibits devoted to the slave trade. The second floor houses the offices of the Northern Virginia Urban League.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources erected the following marker in front of the building:</p><br>
<p>Isaac Franklin and John Armfield leased this brick building with access to the wharves and docks in 1828 as a holding pen for enslaved people being shipped from northern Virginia to Louisiana. They purchased the building and three lots in 1832. From this location Armfield bought bondspeople at low prices and shipped them south to his partner Franklin, in Natchez, Mississippi, and New Orleans, Louisiana, to be sold at higher prices. By the 1830s they often sold 1,000 people annually, operating as one of the largest slave-trading companies in the United States until 1836. Slave traders continually owned the property until 1861.</p><br>
<h2>Freedom House Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Northern Virginia Urban League purchased the building in the 1990s and installed an exhibit in the basement. The rest of the building was used for offices and classroom space.</p><br>
<p>The Office of Historic Alexandria partnered with the Northern Virginia Urban League in February 2018 in an effort to maintain and interpret the building. The Urban League received $50,000 from the National Trust for Historic Preservation&#39;s African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund that same year.</p><br>
<p>The City of Alexandria purchased the building from the Urban League in March 2020.</p><br>
<p>The Freedom House Museum reopened in June 2022. It houses three exhibits that tell the story of the Black experience in Alexandria and the United States.</p><br>
<p>"Fort Decker" is a stone house built in 1793 from the remains of the fort of that name. It is located on West Main Street in Port Jervis, New York, United States, the oldest building in that city, which it predates by several decades.</p><br>
<p>The original Fort Decker was built by a Frederick Haynes, a Dutch settler, sometime before 1760, during the French and Indian War, as an unofficial defense and trading post. It was one and a half stories high, built of stone and overlapping logs. Haynes left the area for New Jersey around 1775, leaving the fort to his wife&#39;s family, the Deckers. The fort is named for Lt. Martinus Decker, great grandson of Jan Gerritsen Decker, the first Decker to live in the Minisink Valley.</p><br>
<p>On July 19, 1779, during the Revolutionary War, when the settlement was known as "Peenpack", the fort was burned during a raid by pro-British Native American leader Joseph Brant. When survivors brought news of the disaster to Goshen, the Patriot attempt to retaliate led to a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Minisink, the only major engagement of the war in the upper Delaware Valley.</p><br>
<p>The current house was built from the remains of the fort in 1793. In 1826, it would house engineers working on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, including John Jervis, whom the city would later be renamed for. It remained in private hands as a residence from then on. In 1903, newspapers reported that the original roof was being removed, and in 1924 the building suffered partial damage from a fire.</p><br>
<p>As early as the 1880s, there had been interest in using the structure as a museum. This did not become possible until 1958, when the Minisink Valley Historical Society bought it for $1,000 and converted it into a museum. In 1974 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the first of three buildings in Port Jervis to attain that distinction, the others being the Erie Depot and the Post Office.</p><br>
<p>The Storrier-Stearns Japanese Garden is a Japanese garden located at 270 Arlington Drive in Pasadena, California. The garden was designed and built over seven years starting in 1935 when Charles and Ellamae Storrier Stearns hired first generation immigrant, and Japanese landscape designer, Kinzuchi Fujii. The 1.45 acre garden took four years to construct once its design was complete and cost $150,000. The garden was designed as a Hill and Pond Strolling Garden, the "chisen kaiyu shiki" form, which traditionally includes water features and walking paths. This garden includes 25 foot ponds with waterfalls, hills, bridges and paths. The gardens teahouse and many of its granite, bronze, and wood features were imported from Japan. The garden became a landmark for the Japanese community in Pasadena, and its teahouse served as a meeting place for Japanese cultural activities until it burned down in 1981. It was rebuilt to the original plans during the gardens recent restoration by Takeo Uesugi, FASLA.</p><br>
<p>The garden is open to the public the last Sunday of every week during the pandemic.</p><br>
<p>The garden was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 15, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The George Clayson House, located at 224 East Palatine Road in Palatine, Illinois, is a Second Empire home built in 1873 that has been restored to its 1890-1900 appearance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George H. Clayson was probably a local carpenter who also operated a grape orchard south of his property. Clayson moved to Palatine, Illinois from New York in the 1860s. He became a member of the Palatine Board of Trustees. Clayson acquired the 10 acre property from Denzel F. Robinson in 1873. Clayson sold the house to Moses D. Brown in 1881. Clayson sold the property so that he could move to nearby Nunda to expand his orchard interests. The Palatine Public Library purchased the property in 1975 so that the Palatine Historical Society could rehabilitate it and maintain it as a public museum. On March 21, 1979, the house was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Today it is still operated as a museum on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Sundays. It is operated by the historical society and maintained by the Palatine Park District.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is one of fewer than two dozen buildings in Palatine that are at least 125 years old. It was almost certainly based on a design in a pattern book. Customary to the Second Empire design motif, the house features a prominent Mansard roof. The first floor features a parlor, sitting room, dining room, kitchen, and library. The second floor had five bedrooms. The wood-frame house sits on a brick foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Charles H. Patten House is a Chateauesque and Queen Anne style home located at 117 N. Benton Street in Palatine, Illinois. It was designed by Julius F. Wegman for Charles H. Patten, a prominent local businessman who was also mayor of Palatine from 1894 to 1895.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles H. Patten was born in 1853 and grew up on a farm near Palatine. He was the son of John Patten, who moved to the area from Londonderry, New Hampshire. Charles opened the Bank of Palatine, which was the only bank in the village at the time. He later became director of the First National Bank of Palatine. He married Mary Robertson of Lake Zurich and opened a creamery in her hometown. Patten served as village treasurer and was elected Mayor of Palatine in 1894, a position that he held through 1895. His main platform in the election was the need for a water system, and ordered the construction of the Palatine and Barrington Water Works. Patten was a member of the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine and was an early investor in the Palatine, Lake Zurich and Wauconda Railroad. Patten died of a heart attack while working on his home in 1929.</p><br>
<p>Charles Patten constructed his home in 1898 on Benton Street. He hired Chicago architect Julius F. Wegman to design the building. The stained glass window in the front of the house was previously installed in John Pattens house. Charles Patten was adamant about using local labor to construct the home and used wood from local groves. A carriage barn and windmill were also constructed on the site, although these structures no longer stand. The house passed to Charles Pattens daughter Mary upon his death. She sold the house to her nephew and his wife, who occupied the residence until 2004. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 8, 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The roof is the most noticeable area of Chateauesque architecture, featuring finials and tall chimneys. The Queen Anne turret features corbels below the roofline. The elaborate patterns on the exterior walls are also express Queen Anne influence. The Patten House is the sole building remaining in Palatine from the period that has Chateauesque elements—most surviving structures, such as the George Clayson House, are in the Second Empire style. Only three other houses in Palatine are in the Queen Anne style.</p><br>
<p>The Müller House is a historic house located at 500 North Vail Avenue in Arlington Heights, Illinois. F.W. Müller built the house for his family and their soda water business in 1882. The Müller business was one of the first commercial establishments in Arlington Heights and was part of the citys early transition from a rural settlement to a large suburb of Chicago. The house is also an uncommon blend of architectural styles; while it features a Greek Revival cornice with scrolled brackets and a symmetrical front facade, the style is not seen elsewhere in the house, which otherwise has a Victorian design. The design also combines the functional necessities of the factory with the decorative features of a middle-class home; prominent among the latter is the houses woodwork, which includes a carved oak staircase.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 26, 1979. It is now part of the Arlington Heights Historical Museum.</p><br>
